ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of the Use of Various Silica Source on NaX Zeolite Properties
Silicon and aluminum sources are most important reactants in the synthesis of zeolite. The use of the silicon source has an important effect on the crystallization of zeolites. Also, it can change the properties of the end product. This work reports the influence of three common commercial silica sources such as colloidal silica (Ludox AM-30), fumed silica and water glass on the crystallinity of NaX zeolite by hydrothermal method, also the adsorption of carbon dioxide on these samples have also been studied. The synthesized samples from different sources are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformin frared (FT-IR) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. The sample obtained by fumed silica, colloidal silica and water glass is NaX phase. The percentage of crystallinity and surface area increased in the sequence: water glass< colloidal silica < fumed silica, also the sample of synthesized by Fumed silica (Z-F) with higher crystallinity, shows better performance in the adsorption process.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60499_327a1ff322084751d54fe7aaca02f6e5.pdf
2017-02-01
1
7
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60499
Adsorption
Characterization
NaX zeolite
Silica sources
synthesis
Atieh
Eskandari
atieh.eskandari@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, I.R. Iran.
AUTHOR
Mansoor
Anbia
anbia@iust.ac.ir
2
Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mansour
Jahangiri
mjahangiri@semnan.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, I.R. Iran.
AUTHOR
Fariba
Mohammadi Nejati
elnaz_nejati@yahoo.com
4
Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, I.R. Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Kulprathipanja, S., (2010). Zeolite In Industrial Seperation and Catalysis, Wiley, USA.
1
[2] Xu, R., Pang, W., Yu, J., Huo, Q., Chen, J., (2007). Chemistry of Zeolites and Related porous ma terials: Synthesis and Structure, Johon Wiley, Asia.
2
[3] Kalita, B., Talukdar, A.K., (2009). “An efficient synthesis of nanocrystalline MFI zeolite us ing different silica sources: A green approach.” Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 254-258.
3
[4] Mintova. S., Valtchev, V., (2002). “Effect of the silica source on the formation of nanosized silicalite-1: an in situ dynamic light scattering study.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 171-179.
4
[5] Siriwardane, R.V., Shen, M.S., Fisher, E.P., Poston, J.A., (2001). “Adsorption of CO2 on molecular sieves and activated carbon”, Energy & Fuels, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 279-284.
5
[6] Harlick, P., Tezel, F.H., (2004). “An experimental adsorbent screening study for CO2 removal from N2.”, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 76, No. 1-3, pp. 71-79.
6
[7] Chue, K.T., Kim, J.N., Yoo, Y.J., Cho, S.H. , Yang, R.T., (1995). “Comparison of activated carbon and zeolite 13X for CO2 recovery from flue gas by pressure swing adsorption.”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 591-598.
7
[8] Chen, C., Park, D.W., Ahn, W.S., (2013). “CO2 capture using zeolite 13X prepared from bentonite.” Applications of Surface Science, Vol. 292, No. 1, pp. 63-67.
8
[9] Yong, Z., Mata, V., Rodrigues, A.E., (2001). “Adsorption of carbon dioxide onto hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlcs) at high temperatures.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 204-209.
9
[10] Anbia, M. ,Hoseini, V., (2012).”Development of MWCNT@MIL-101 hybrid composite with enhanced adsorption capacity for carbon dioxide.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 191, No. 1, pp. 326-330.
10
[11] Payra, P., Dutta, P., (2003). Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc, USA.
11
[12] Chaves, T.F., Pastore, H.O., Cardoso, D., (2012). “A simple synthesis procedure to prepare nanosized faujasite crystals.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 161, No. 1, pp. 67-75.
12
[13] Zhang, X., Tang, D., Zhang, M.,Yang, R., (2013). “Synthesis of NaX zeolite: Influence of crystallization time, temperature and batch molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 on the particulate properties of zeolite crystals.” Powder Technology, Vol. 235, No. 1, pp. 322-328.
13
[14] Zhang, X., Tong, D., Zhao, J., Li, X., (2013). “Synthesis of NaX zeolite at room temperature and its characterization.” Materials Letters, Vol. 104, No. 1, pp. 80-83.
14
[15] Yu, J. (2007). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
15
[16] Mohamed, R.M., Aly, H.M., El-Shahat, M.F., Ibrahim, I.A., (2005). “Effect of the silica sources on the crystallinity of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolite.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 79, No. 1-3, pp. 7-21.
16
[17] Krznaric, I., Antonic, T., Bronic, J., Subotic, B., Thompsonb, R., (2003). “Influence of silica sources on the chemical composition of aluminosilicate hydrogels and the results of their hydrothermal treatment.” Croatica Chemica Acta, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 7-17.
17
[18] Chen, X., Jing-Qi, G., Shu-Jie, W., Qiu-Bin, K.,(2009). “Effect of silica source on the hydrother mal synthesis of ITQ-13 zeolite.”, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 2275-2278.
18
[19] Zhang, X., Tang, D., Jiang, G., (2013). “Synthesis of zeolite NaA at room temperature: The effect of synthesis parameters on crystal size and its size distribution.”, Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 689-696.
19
[20] Breck, D.W. (1974). Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Structure, Chemistry and Use, John Wiley, New York.
20
[21] Hamilton, K.E., Coker, E.N., Sacco, A., Jr, Dixon, A.G.,Thompson, R.W., (1993). “The effects of the silica source on the crystallization of zeolite NaX.”, Zeolites, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 645-653.
21
[22] Twu, J., Dutta, P.K., (1991). “Raman spectroscopic studies of the synthesis of faujasitic zeolites: Comparison of two silica sources.” Zeolites, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 672-679.
22
[23] Deng, Z.S., Balkusjr, K.J., (2002). “Pulsed laser deposition of zeolite NaX thin films on silica fibrs.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 47-53.
23
[24] Anbia, M., Hoseini, V., Mandegarzad, S., (2012). “Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite MCM-48-PEHA-DEA and its application as CO2 adsorbent.” Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 1776-1781.
24
[25] Anbia, M., Mandegarzad, S., (2012). “Enhanced hydrogen sorption on modified MIL 101 with Pt/CMK-3 by hydrogen spillover effect.” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 532, No. 1, pp. 61-67.
25
26. Treacy, M.M.J., Higgins, J.B., (2001). Collection of Simulated XRD Powder Patterns for Zeolites. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
26
27. Novembre, D., Di Sabatino, B., Gimeno, D., Garcia- Valles, M., Martinez-Manent, S., (2004). “Synthesis of Na–X zeolites from tripolaceous deposits (Crotone, Italy) and volcanic zeolitised rocks (Vico volcano, Italy).” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 75, No. 1-2, pp. 1-11.
27
[28] Flanigen, E.M., Khatami, H.A., Szymanski, H.A., (1971). Infrared structural study of zeolite frame-works. Molecular Sieve Zeolites., Advances in Chemistry Series, American Chemical Society, Washington.
28
[29] Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Chen, X., Xia, Q. , Li, Z., (2010). “Adsorption of CO2 on zeolite 13X and activated carbon with higher surface area.” Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 710-719.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Using Intelligent Methods and Optimization of the Existing Empirical Correlations for Iranian Dead Oil Viscosity
Numerous empirical correlations exist for the estimation of crude oil viscosities. Most of these correlations are not based on the experimental and field data from Iranian geological zone. In this study several well-known empirical correlations including Beal, Beggs, Glasso, Labedi, Schmidt, Alikhan and Naseri were optimized and refitted with the Iranian oil field data. The results showed that the Beal and the Labedi methods were not suitable for estimation of the viscosity of the Iranian crudes, while the Beggs, Glasso and Schmidt methods gave reasonable results. The Naseri’s correlation and their present method proved to be the best classical methods investigated in this study. Two new intelligent methods to predict the viscosity of Iranian crudes have also been introduced. The study also showed that the neural network and SVM give much better results comparing to classical correlations. It is claimed that this study may provide more exact results for the prediction of Iranian oil viscosity.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60500_887150c099a1d9c7fe6071a37eaf6f0b.pdf
2017-02-01
9
17
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60500
Dead oil
Empirical correlation
neural network
SVM
viscosity
Kamyar
Movagharnejad
movagharnejad@yahoo.com
1
Prof. of Chemical Eng., Thermokin. Dept.,Chemical Eng. Faculty, Babol University of Technology, Babol.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soraya
Ghanbari
soraya_ghanbari@yahoo.com
2
MS. Student of Chemical Eng., Thermokin. Dept.,Chemical Eng. Faculty, Babol University of Technology, Babol.
AUTHOR
[1] Mohaghegh, Sh., Arefi, R., Ameri, S., Amini, Kh. and Nutter, R. (1996). “Petroleum reservoir characterization with the aid of artificial neural networks”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 16, pp. 263-274.
1
[2] Romero, C.E. and Carter, J.N. (2001). “Using genetic algorithms for reservoir characterization”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 113-123.
2
[3] Nikravesh, M. and Aminzadeh, F. (2001). “Past, present and future intelligent reservoir characterization trends”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 67-69.
3
[4] Esmaeilzadeh, F. and Nourafkan, E. (2009). “Calculation OOIP in oil reservoir by pressure matching method using genetic algorithm”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering Vol. 64, p. 35-44.
4
[5] El-Sebakhy, E.A. (2009). “Forecasting PVT properties of crude oil systems based on support vector machines modeling scheme”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 64, pp. 25-34.
5
[6] Emera, M.K. and Sarma, H.K. (2005). “Use of genetic algorithm to estimate CO-oil minimum miscibility pressure a key parameter in design of CO2 miscible floods”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 46, pp. 37-52.
6
[7] Alomair, A., Elsharkawy, A. and alkandari, H.(2014). “A viscosity prediction model for Kuwaiti heavy crude oils at elevated tempera tures”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 120, pp. 102-110.
7
[8] Hemmati-sarapardeh, A., Aminshahidy, B., Pa jouhandeh, A., Yousefi, S.A. and Hosseini-Kaldozakh, S.A. (2016). “A soft computing approach for the determination of crude oil viscosity: Light and intermediate crude oil systems”, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 59, pp. 1-10.
8
[9] El-Hoshoudy, A.N., Farag, A.B., Ali, O.I.M., El- Batanoney, M.H., Desouky, S.E.M. and Ramzy, M. (2013). “New correlations for prediction of viscosity and density of Egyptian oil reservoirs”, Fuel, Vol. 112, pp. 277-282.
9
[10] Sanchez-Minero, F., Sanchez-Reyna, G., Ancheyta, J. and Marroquin, G. (2014). “Comparison of correlations based on API gravity for predicting viscosity of crude oils”, Fuel, Vol. 138, pp. 193-199.
10
[11] Al-Balushi, M., Mjalli, F. S., Al-Wahaibi, T. and Al-Hashmi, A.Z. (2014), “Parametric study to develop an empirical correlation for undersat urated crude oil viscosity based on the minimum measured input parameters”, Fuel, Vol. 119, pp. 111-119.
11
[12] Beal, C. (1946). “Viscosity of air, water, natural gas, crude oil and its associated gases at oil field temperature and pressures”, Transactions of the AIME, Vol. 165, pp. 114-127.
12
[13] Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R. (1975). “Estimating the viscosity of crude oil system”, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 9, pp. 1140-1141.
13
[14] Glaso, O. (1980). “Generalized pressure–volume–temperature correlation for crude oil system”, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 2, pp.785– 795.
14
[15] Labedi, R. (1992). “Improved correlations for predicting the viscosity of light crudes”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , vol. 8, pp. 221-234.
15
[16] Kartoatmodjo, F. and Schmidt, Z. (1994). “Large data bank improves crude physical property correlation”, Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 4, pp. 51- 55.
16
[17] El-sharkawy, A.M. and Alikhan, A.A. (1999), “Models for predicting the viscosity of Middle East crude oils”, Fuel, Vol. 78, pp. 891-903.
17
[18] Naseri, A., Nikazar, M. and Mousavi Dehghani, S.A. (2005). “A correlation approach for prediction of crude oil viscosities”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 47, pp. 163-174.
18
[19] Haykin, S. (1994). Neural Networks: A comprehensive foundation , Prentice Hall.
19
[20] Lekkas, D. F., Imrie, C.E. and Lees, M.J. (2001). “Improved non-linear transfer function and neural network methods of flow routing for real-time forecasting”, Journal of Hydroinformatics, Vol. 3, pp. 153-164.
20
[21] Vapnik, V., (1998). Statistical Learning Theory John Wiley, New York.
21
[22] Li, J.Z., Liu, H.X., Yao, X.J., Liu, M.C., Hu, Z.D., and Fan, B.T., (2007). “Structure–activity relationship study of oxindole-based inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases based on least- squares support vector machines”, Analytica Chimica Acta , Vol. 581, pp. 333-342.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modeling of Pressure Dependence of Interfacial Tension Behaviors of Supercritical CO2 + Crude Oil Systems Using a Basic Parachor Expression
Parachor based expressions (basic and mechanistic) are often used to model the experimentally observed pressure dependence of interfacial tension (IFT) behaviors of complex supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) and crude oil mixtures at elevated temperatures. However, such modeling requires various input data (e.g. compositions and densities of the equilibrium liquid and vapor phases, and molecular weights and diffusion coefficients for various components present in the system). In the absence of measured data, often phase behavior packages are used for obtaining these input data for performing calculations. Very few researchers have used experimentally measured input data for performing parachor based modeling of the experimental IFT behaviors of sc-CO2 and crude oil systems that are of particular interest to CO2 injection in porous media based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.This study presents the results of parachor based modeling performed to predict pressure dependence of IFT behaviors of a complex sc-CO2 and crude oil system for which experimentally measured data is available in public domain. Though parachor model based on calculated IFT behaviors shows significant deviation from the measured behaviors in high IFT region, difference between the calculated and the experimental behaviors appears to vanish in low IFT region. These observations suggest that basic parachor expression based calculated IFT behaviors in low IFT region follow the experimental IFT behaviors more closely.An analysis of published studies (basic and mechanistic parachor expressions based on modeling of pressure dependence of IFT behaviors of both standard and complex sc-CO2 and crude oil systems) and the results of this study reinforce the need of better description of gas-oil interactions for robust modeling of pressure dependence of IFT behavior of these complex systems.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60501_45dc80a6f4836167a3bb70ecee99580f.pdf
2017-02-01
19
27
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60501
CO2 injection in porous media
CO2 -EOR and storage
CO2 -oil interactions
Gas-oil interfacial tension
Parachor model
Miscibility
Saini
Dayanand
dsaini@csub.edu
1
California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Al-Mjeni, R., Arora, S., Cherukupalli, P., van Wun nik, J., Edwards, J., Felber, B.J., Gurpinar, O., Hira saki, G.J., Miller, A.C., Jackson, C., Kristensen, M.R., Lim, F., Ramamoorthy, R. (2011). “Has time come for EOR?”, Schlumberger’s Oil field Review, Winter 2010/2011, Vol. 22, no. 4.
1
[2] Wallace M, Kuuskraa VA, DiPietro P (2013) An In-Depth Look at “Next Generation” CO2 EOR Technology. Available from http://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Energy%20Analysis/Publications/ Disag-Next-Gen-CO2-EOR_full_v6.pdf. Accessed June 2015.
2
[3] Hsu Jack, J.C., Nagarajan, N., Robinson, J.R.L. (1985). “Equilibrium phase compositions, phase densities, and interfacial tension for CO2 + hydrocarbon Systems. 1. CO2 + n-butane.”, Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 485–491.
3
[4] Nagarajan, N., Robinson, J.R.L. (1986). “Equilibrium phase compositions, phase densities, and interfacial tensions for CO2 + hydro carbon systems. 2. CO2 + n-decane.” Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 168–171.
4
[5] Nagarajan, N., Gasem, K.A.M., Robinson, J.R.L. (1990). “Equilibrium phase compositions, phase densities, and interfacial tensions for CO2 + Hydrocarbon Systems. 6. Carbon dioxide + n-butane + n-decane.” Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 228–231.
5
[6] Gasem, K.A.M., Dickson, K.B., Shaver, R.D., Robinson, R.L. (1993). “Experimental phase densities and interfacial tensions for a CO2 /synthetic-oil and a CO2 /reservoir-oil system.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/22216-PA.
6
[7] Schechter, D.S., Guo, B. (1998). “Parachors based on modern physics and their uses in IFT prediction of reservoir fluids.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/30785-PA.
7
[8] Ayirala, S.C., Rao, D.N. (2004). “Application of a new mechanistic Parachor model to predict dynamic gas-oil miscibility in reservoir crude oil-solvent systems.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/91920-MS.
8
[9] Nobakht M, Moghadam S, and Gu Y (2008) Determination of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure from Measured and Predicted Equilibrium Interfacial Tensions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47 (22), pp. 8918–8925, DOI: 10.1021/ie800358g.
9
[10] Ashrafizadeh, S.N., Ghasrodashti, A.A. (2011). “An investigation on the applicability of Parachor model for the prediction of MMP using five equations of state.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 89, pp. 690-696.
10
[11] Orr, J.F.M., Jessen, K. (2007). “An analysis of the vanishing interfacial tension technique for determination of minimum miscibility pressure.” Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 255, No. 2, pp. 99 - 109.
11
[12] Jessen, K, Orr J.F.M. (2008). “On interfacial- tension measurements to estimate minimum miscibility pressures.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/110725-PA.
12
[13] Teklu T.W., Alharthy, N., Kazemi, H., Yin, X., Graves, R.M. (2014). “Vanishing interfacial tension algorithm for MMP determination in unconventional reservoirs.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/169517-MS.
13
[14] Ayirala, S.C. (2005). Measurement and modeling of fluid-fluid miscibility in multicomponent hydrocarbon systems. PhD Dissertation, Louisi ana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
14
[15] Sequeira, D.S. (2006). Compositional effects on gas-oil interfacial tension and miscibility at reservoir conditions. MS Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
15
[16] Sequeira, D.S., Ayirala, S.C., Rao, D.N. (2008). “Reservoir condition measurements of compositional effects on gas-oil interfacial tension and miscibility.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/113333-MS.
16
[17] Saini, D., Rao, D.N. (2010). “Experimental determination of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) by gas/oil IFT measurements for a gas injection EOR project.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. DOI: 10.2118/132389-MS.
17
[18] Georgiadis, A., Llovell, F., Bismarck, A., Blas, F.J., Galindo, A., Maitland, G.C., Martin Trusler, J.P., Jackson, G. (2010). “Interfacial tension measurements and modelling of (carbon dioxide + n-alkane) and (carbon dioxide + water) binary mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures.” Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol. 55, pp. 743- 754.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pressure Loss Estimation of Three-Phase Flow in Inclined Annuli for Underbalanced Drilling Condition using Artificial Intelligence
Underbalanced drilling as multiphase flow is done in oil drilling operation in low pressure reservoir or highly depleted mature reservoir. Correct determination of the pressure loss of three phase fluids in drilling annulus is essential in determination of hydraulic horsepower requirements during drilling operations. In this paper the pressure loss of solid-gas-liquid three-phase fluids flow in inclined annulus was estimated using artificial neural network (ANN). Experimental data which are available in the literature were used for design of ANN. Pressure loss as output of ANN, was estimated from five effective parameters as inputs of ANN including gas and liquid superficial velocities, the inclination from horizontal, rate of penetration (ROP), pipe rotation speed (RPM). The correlation coefficient between predicted and experimental value for train and test data is 0.998 and 0.997 respectively.The root mean square error (RMS) and average absolute percent relative error (AAPE) for train data are 0.0082 and 2.77% and for test data, they are 0.0108 and 3.68 % respectively. The reliable results showed the high ability of artificial neural network for estimating pressure loss of three phase flow in annulus.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60502_d672a6ed4a13704d81d1413278026f39.pdf
2017-02-01
29
35
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60502
Underbalanced drilling
Pressure loss
Three-phase flow
ANN
Annulus
Reza
Rooki
rooki@birjandut.ac.ir
1
Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Ramalho, J. (2006). “Underbalanced drilling in the reservoir, An integrated technologyapproach[C].” SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia.
1
[2] Zhiming, W., Liqiu, P., Ke, Z. (2007). “Prediction of dynamic wellbore pressure in gasified fluid drilling.” Petroleum Science , Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 66-73.
2
[3] Lockhart, R.W., Martinelli, R.C. (1949). Proposed correlation of data for isothermal two-phase, two-component flow in pipes.” Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 39–48.
3
[4] Duns, H. Jr., Ros, N.C.J. (1963). “Vertical flow of gas and liquid mixtures in wells.” Proceedings of the 6th World Petroleum Congress, Toyko, Japan.
4
[5] Beggs, H.D., Brill, J.P. (1973). “A study of two-phase flow in inclined pipes.” Journal of Petroleum Technology , Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 607-617.
5
[6] Oriol, J., Leclerc, J.P., Jallut, C., Tochon, P., Clement, P. (2008). “Characterization of the two-phase flow regimes and liquid dispersion in horizontal and vertical tubes by using colored tracer and non-intrusive optical detector.” Chemical Engineering Science , Vol. 63, pp. 24-34.
6
[7] Bonizzi, M., Andreussi, P., Banerjee, S. (2009). “Flow regime independent, high resolution multi-field modeling of near-horizontal gas– liquid flows in pipelines.” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 35, pp. 34-46.
7
[8] Sadatomi, M., Sato, Y., Saruwatari, S. (1982). “Two-phase flow in vertical noncircular chan nels.”International Journal of Multiphase Flow Vol. 8, pp. 641-655.
8
[9] Hasan, A.R., Kabir, C.S. (1992). “Two-phase flow in vertical and inclined annuli.” International Journal of Multiphase Flow , Vol. 18, pp. 279–293.
9
[10] Zhou, L. (2004). “Cuttings transport with aerated mud in horizontal annulus under elevated pressure and temperature conditions.” PhD Thesis, The University of Tulsa.
10
[11] Osgouei, R.E. (2010). “Determination of cuttings transport properties of gasified drilling fluids.” PhD Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
11
[12] Wei, N., Meng, Y.F., Li, G., Wan, L.P., Xu, Z.Y., Xu, X.F., Zhang, Y. R. (2013). “Cuttings transport models and experimental visualization of underbalanced horizontal drilling.” Mathemati -cal Problems in Engineering , Vol. 2013, 6 pages.
12
[13] Yan, T, Wang, K., Sun, X., Luan, S., Shao S. (2014). “State-of-the-art cuttings transport with aerated liquid and foam in complex structure wells.” Renew Sustainable Energy Review, Vol. 37, pp. 560-568.
13
[14] Suradi, S.R., Mamat, N.S., Jafar, M.Z., Sulaiman, W.R.W., Ismail, A.R. (2015). “Study of cuttings transport using stable foam based mud in inclined wellbore.” Journal of applied science , Vol. 15, pp. 808-814.
14
[15] Sato, Y., Yoshinaga, T., Sadatomi, M. (1991). “Data and empirical correlation for the mean velocity of coarse particles in a vertical three-phase air-water-solid particle flow.” Proceedings of the international conference on multiphase flows, Tsukuba, Japan.
15
[16] Gillies, R.G., Mckibben, M. J., Shook, C. (1997). “Pipeline flow of gas, liquid and sand mixture at low velocity.” Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology , Vol. 36, pp. 36-42.
16
[17] King, M.J.J., Fairhurst, C.P., Hill, T.J. (2001). “Solids transport in multiphase flows: applications to high viscosity systems.” Journal of Energy Resource , Vol. 123, pp. 200-204.
17
[18] Yang, Z.L., Ladam, Y., Laux, H., Danielson, T.J., Goldszal, A., Martins, A.L. (2007). “Simulation of sand transport in a stratified gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow.” Proceedings of the BHR Multiphase Production Technology Conference Edinburgh, UK.
18
[19] Ozbayoglu, M.E., Osgouei, R.E., Ozbayoglu, A.M., Yuksel, E. (2012). “Hole cleaning performance of gasified drilling fluids in horizontal well sections.” SPE Journal , Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 912-923.
19
[20] Xie, J., Yu B., Zhang, X., Shao, Q., Song, X. (2013). “Numerical simulation of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow in deep wells.” Advances in Mechanical Engineering , pp. 1-10.
20
[21] Hagan, M.T., Demuth, H.B., Beale, M.H. (1996). Neural network design . PWS Publishing, Boston, MA.
21
[22] Rooki, R., DoulatiArdejani, F., Moradzadeh, A., Kelessidis, V.C., Nourozi, M. (2012). “Predic tion of terminal velocity of solid spheres falling through Newtonian and non-Newtonian power law pseudoplastic fluid using artificial neural network.” International Journal of Min eral Processing , Vol. 110-111, pp. 53-61.
22
[23] Rooki, R, DoulatiArdejani, F, Moradzadeh, A. (2014). “Hole cleaning prediction in foam drilling using artificialneural network and multiple linear regression.” Geomaterials, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 47-53.
23
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[28] Alizadehdakhel, A., Rahimi, M., Sanjar, J., Alsairafi, A.A. (2009). “CFD and artificial neural network modeling of two-phase flow pressure drop.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , Vol. 36, pp. 850–856.
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluating the Effect of Graphite Source and Operating Conditions on the Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
In this research graphene oxide was synthesized by two methods. These methods were achieved by changing the improved Hummers’ and modified Hummers’ methods. Structure of graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. According to SEM image, the thickness of graphene oxide sheets prepared by improved Hummers’ method is about 66 nm. In improved Hummers’ method excluding NaNO3 from reacting gel and performing reaction in a 9:1 volume ratio of concentrated H2SO4/H3PO4 mixture improved the oxidation process by elimination of toxic gases, finally the prepared GO contains well-oxidized carbon materials. XRD results implied more oxidation for synthesized GO by improved Hummers’ based method. Importance of graphite source was shown in synthesis of pure GO. Two sources of graphite supplied by Daejung and Fluka Companies were used to synthesis GO in improved Hummers’ method. According to SEM images and XRD patterns, the graphite source prepared by Fluka Co. was more efficient towards production of pure GO than other graphite source. The results also indicated that temperature and mixing condition are two important factors for synthesis of GO.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60503_c6e035839dd75dc3b45976d70b61c054.pdf
2017-02-01
37
45
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60503
Graphite source
Graphene oxide
Operating condition
synthesis
Bahareh
Kianpour
b.kianpour@ut.ac.ir
1
M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Chemical Eng., University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Akram
Ebrahimi
akram.ebrahimi@ut.ac.ir
2
M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Chemical Eng., University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Zeinab
Salehi
zsalehy@ut.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Chemical Eng., University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shohreh
Fatemi
shfatemi@ut.ac.ir
4
Professor, Dept. of Chemical Eng., University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Moktadir, Z. (2014). “ Graphene nanoelectrome chanics (NEMS), in Graphene: properties, preparation, characterisation and devices, First edition. London, GB, Woodhead , pp. 341-358.
1
[2] Geim, A.K. and Novoselov, K.S. (2007). “The rise of grapheme.” Nature Materials , Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 183-191.
2
[3] Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Dommett, G. H., Kohlhaas, K.M., Zimney, E.J. (2006). “Graphene-based composite materials.” Nature , Vol. 442, No. 7100, pp. 282-286.
3
[4] Geim, A.K. (2009). “Graphene: status and prospects.” Science, Vol. 324, No. 5934, pp. 1530- 1534.
4
[5] Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., Grigorieva, I.V. and Firsov, A.A. (2004). “ Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films.” Science, Vol. 306, No. 5696, pp. 666-669 44.
5
[6] Kim, K.S., Zhao, Y., Jang, H, Lee, S.Y., Kim, J.M. (2009). “Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes.” Nature , Vol. 457, No. 7230, pp. 706-710.
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[7] Kovtyukhova, N.I., Ollivier, P.J., Martin, B.R., Mallouk, T.E., Chizhik, S.A. (1999). “Layer-by- layer assembly of ultrathin composite films from micron-sized graphite oxide sheets and polycations.” Chemistry of Materials , Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 771-778.
7
[8] Wang, Y., Xie, L., Sha, J., Ma, Y., Han, J. (2011). “Preparation and chemical reduction of laurylamine-intercalated graphite oxide.” Materials Science, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 3611-3621.
8
[9] Yoon, S., and In, I. (2011). “Role of poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) as stabilizer for dispersion of graphene via hydrophobic interaction.” Materials Science, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 1316-1321.
9
[10] Liu, J., Cui, L., and Losic, D. (2013). “Graphene and graphene oxide as new nanocarriers for drug delivery applications.” Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 9, No. 12, pp. 9243-9257.
10
[11] Dreyer, D.R., Park, S., Bielawski, C.W. and Ruoff, R.S. (2010). “The chemistry of graphene oxide.” Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 228-240.
11
[12] Marcano, D.C., Kosynkin, D.V., Berlin, J.M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z. (2010). “Improved synthesis of graphene oxide.” ACS Nano, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 4806-4814.
12
[13] Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Chen, X., Wu, N., Nguyen, S.T., and Ruoff, R.S. (2006). “Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate).” Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 155-158.
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[14] Brodie, B.C. (1859). “On the Atomic Weight of Graphite.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 149, pp. 249-259.
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[15] Staudenmaier, L. (1898). “Verfahren zur Dar-stellung der Graphitsaure.” Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 1481- 1487.
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[16] Hummers, W.S. and Offeman, R.E. (1958). “Preparation of Graphitic Oxide.” American Chemical Society, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 1339-1339.
16
[17] Chua, C.K. and Pumera, M. (2014). “Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoin.” Chemical Society Reviews , Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 291-312.
17
[18] Huang, X., Qi, X., Boey, F. and Zhang, H. (2012). “Graphene-based composites.” Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 666-686.
18
[19] Lightcap, I.V. and Kamat, P.V. (2012). “Graphitic design: prospects of graphene-based nanocomposites for solar energy conversion, storage, and sensing.” Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 2235-2243.
19
[20] Sun, X., Liu, Z., Welsher, K., Robinson, J.T., Goodwin, A., Zaric, S. and Dai, H. (2008). “Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery.” Nano Research , Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 203- 212.
20
[21] Chung, C., Kim, Y.K., Shin, D., Ryoo, S.R., Hong, B.H., Min, D.H. (2013). “Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide.” Accounts of Chemical Research , Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 2211-2224.
21
[22] Wang, Y., Li, Z., Wang, J., Li, J. and Lin, Y. (2011). “Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology.” Trends in Biotechnology , Vol. 29 , No. 5, pp. 205-212.
22
[23] Pyun, J. (2011).”Graphene oxide as catalyst: application of carbon materials beyond nanotechnology.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition , Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 46-48.
23
[24] Kim, J., Cote, L. J., Kim, F., Yuan, W., Shull, K. R., and Huang, J. (2010). “Graphene oxide sheets at interfaces.” American Chemical Society , Vol. 132, No. 23, pp. 8180-8186.
24
[25] Cote, L.J., Kim, J., Tung, V.C., Luo, J., Kim, F., Huang, J. (2010). “Graphene oxide as surface tant sheets.” Pure and Applied Chemistry , Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 95-110.
25
[26] He, H., Riedl, T., Lerf, A. and Klinowski, J. (1996). “Solid-state NMR studies of the structure of graphite oxide.” Physical Chemistry, Vol. 100, No. 51, pp. 19954-19958.
26
[27] Dimiev, A.M. and Tour, J.M. (2014). “Mechanism of graphene oxide formation.” ACS Nano , Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 3060-3068.
27
[28] Higginbotham, A., Kosynkin, D., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Tour, J.M. (2010). “Lower- defect graphene oxide nanoribbons from multiwalled catbon nanotubes.” ACS Nano , Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 2059-2069.
28
[29] Shi, C., Chen, L., Xu, Z., Jiao, Y., Li, Y. (2012). “Monitoring influence of chemical preparation procedure on the structure of graphene nanosheets.” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, Vol. 44, No.7-8, pp. 1420-1424.
29
[30] Shahriary, L. and Athawale, A.A. (2014). “Graphene oxide synthesized by using modified hummers approach.” Renew. Energy and Env. Engg , Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 58-63.
30
[31] Tuinstra, F. and Koenig, J.L. (1970). “Raman spectrum of graphite.” Chemical Physics , Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 1126-1130.
31
[32] Ferrari, A.C. and Robertson, J. (2000). “Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon.” Physical Review B, Vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 14095-14107.
32
[33] Kudin, K.N., Ozbas, B., Schniepp, H.C., Prud’Ho-mme, R.K., Aksay, I.A. and Car, R. (2008). “Raman spectra of graphite oxide and functionalized graphene sheets.” Nano Letters , Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 36-41.
33
[34] Guo, H., Wang, X., Qian, Q., Wang, F., Xia, X. (2009). “A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets.” ACS Nano , Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 2653-2659.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Studies on the Conical Cap tray Performance
In the present study, experimental investigations about the hydrodynamics of the conical cap tray (ConCap tray) have been carried out. The ConCap tray is an innovative and novel type of cap trays. The effect of the different weir height (2.5, 5 and 7 cm) on the weeping, entrainment and the total pressure drop for the ConCap tray was measured, compared and correlated. The hydraulic experiments were carried out in an industrial scale simulator rig with an inner diameter of 1.2 m which has two test trays (ConCap tray) and two chimney trays. It was found that the weir height affects only on the pressure drop. The recommended weir height for the ConCap tray must be 2.5 cm because of observed spray flow regime on the tray and experimental results in different weir height which shows no effect on the weeping and entrainment rates. Moreover, the hydraulic behavior of the tray in the lower operating limits was also investigated.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60504_790168f9b5a02ac2d7cce5571acbedad.pdf
2017-02-01
47
52
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60504
Conical gap tray
hydrodynamic
Weeping
Entrainment
Weir height
Taleb
Zarei
talebzarei@gmail.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jamshid
Khorshidi
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
AUTHOR
Rahbar
Rahimi
rahimi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ali
Zarei
ali.zarei.che@gmail.com
4
South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Assaluyeh, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] De Bruyn, G., Gangriwala, H.A., Nye, JO. ( 1992). “High capacity Nye(R) trays.” Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 1:A509- A17.
1
[2] Kunesh, J.G., Kister, H.Z., Lockett, M.J., Fair, J.R. ( 1995). “Distillation: still towering over other options”. Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 91, pp. 43-53.
2
[3] Bravo, J.L., Kusters, K.A. (2000). “Tray technology for the new millennium.” Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 96, pp. 33-7.
3
[4] Burcher, N., Wikstrom, E., Mosca, G., Hausman, A., Wilkinson, P.( 2007). “De-butanizer revamp at PreemRaff.” Proceedings of Topical Distillation Conference, AIChE, pp. 189-204.
4
[5] Summers, D.R., Bernard, A., Villiers, W.E.D. (2007). “High capacity tray revamp of a C2 splitter.” AIChE Proceedings of Topical Distillation Conference, pp. 189-204.
5
[6] Penciak, J., Nieuwoudt, I., Spencer, G.( 2006). “High-performance trays: Getting the best capacity and efficiency.” IChemE Symposium, Vol. 152, pp. 311-6.
6
[7] Wilkinson, P., Vos, E., Konijn, G., Kooijman, H., Mosca, G., Tonon, L. (2007). “Distillation trays that operate beyond the limits of gravity by using centrifugal separation.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 85, pp. 130-5.
7
[8] Fair, J.R., Trutna, W.R., Seibert, A.F. (1999). “A new, ultracapacity tray for distillation columns.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 77, pp. 619-26.
8
[9] Trutna, WR. (1997). Method and apparatus for producing co-current fluid contact. US Patent, 5695548.
9
[10] Xu, Z.P., Bielinski, D.H. (2004). Apparatus for cocurrent fractional distillation . US Patent, 6682633B1.
10
[11] Xu, P., Nowak, B., Richardson, K. (2007). “Simul-Flow device capacity beyond system limit.” AIChE Meeting, Spring.
11
[12] Olujić, Z., Jödecke, M., Shilkin, A., Schuch, G., 52 T. Zarei et al. / Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 50 (2), Feb. 2017 / 47-52 Kaibel, B. (2009). “Equipment improvement trends in distillation.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification , Vol. 48, pp. 1089-104.
12
[13] Naziri, N., Zadghaffari, R., Naziri, H. (2012).”A study on chimney type centrifugal tray lower operating limit.” APCBEE Procedia, Vol. 3, pp. 182-7.
13
[14] Qian, J., Qi, R., Zhu, S. (2006). “High-powered adaptive valve tray: A new generation tray offers new advantages.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 84, pp. 155-8.
14
[15] Rahimi, R., Movahedi, Parizi, M. (2015). “Hydrodynamics of sieve tray distillation column using CFD simulation.” Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 49, pp. 119-29.
15
[16] Zarei, T., Rahimi, R., Zarei, A., Zivdar, M. (2013). “Hydrodynamic characteristic of Conical Captray: Experimental studies on dry and total pressure drop, weeping and entrainment.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification , Vol. 64, pp. 17-23.
16
[17] Ostadzehi, R., Rahimi, R., Zarei, T., Zivdar, M. (2013). “CFD simulation of Concap tray hydrodynamics.” Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 47, pp. 39-50.
17
[18] Wijn, E.F. (1999). “Weir flow and liquid height on sieve and valve trays.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 73, pp. 191-204.
18
[19] Zarei, T., Rahimi, R., Zivdar. (2009). “Computational fluid dynamic simulation of MVG tray hydraulics.” Korean journal of chemical Engineering, Vol. 26, pp. 1213-1219.
19
[20] Lockett, M.J. (1986). Distillation tray fundamentals. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
20
[21] Kister, H.Z. (1992). Distillation operation. McGraw Hill.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Online Detection of Hydrodynamic Changes in Fluidized Bed using Cross Average Diagonal Line
Online detection of hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized bed was characterized using pressure fluctuations by cross recurrence plot (CRP) and cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA). Experiments were conducted in a lab scale fluidized bed of various particle sizes 150 μm, 280 μm and 490 μm at different gas velocities. Firstly, pattern changes of cross recurrence plot were discussed and then reference states was selected. Afterwards, cross average diagonal line (CLave) of other states corresponding to reference states were obtained. It was found that cross average diagonal line of non-normalized data initially decreases and then increases with increasing the gas velocity. When the signal is initially normalized, cross average diagonal line does not change with the superficial gas velocity. It was concluded that cross average diagonal line could be used for detecting small changes of particle size and if a proper reference state is chosen, it can be perceived as a powerful index for detecting changes in the size of particles in a fluidized bed.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60505_104ff1946deab89d227e063d3a492610.pdf
2017-02-01
53
60
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60505
Cross recurrence quantification analysis
Fluidized bed
Cross average diagonal line
Pressure fluctuations
Online detection
Hooman
Ziaei-Halimejani
1
Multiphase Systems Research Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155/4563, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Reza
Zarghami
rzarara@gmail.com
2
Multiphase Systems Research Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155/4563, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Navid
Mostoufi
mostoufi@ut.ac.ir
3
Multiphase Systems Research Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155/4563, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Kunii, D. and Levenspiel, O., (1991). Fluidization Engineering . Butterworth-Heinemann, 2nd ed.
1
[2] Marwan, N., Romano, M.C., Thiel, M., and Kurths, J., (2007). “Recurrence plots for the analysis of complex systems.” Physics Reports, Vol. 438, pp. 237-329.
2
[3] van der Schaaf, J., Schouten, J., and van den Bleek, C., (1998). “Origin, propagation and attenuation of pressure waves in gas—solid fluidized beds.” Powder Technology, Vol. 95, pp. 220-233.
3
[4] Fan, L., Ho, T.C., Hiraoka, S., and Walawender, W., (1981). “Pressure fluctuations in a fluidized bed.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 388-396.
4
[5] Daw, C.S., Lawkins, W.F., Downing, D.J. and Clapp Jr, N.E., (1991). “Chaotic characteristics of a complex gas-solids flow,” Physical Review A, Vol. 41, p. 1179.
5
[6] Daw, C. and Halow, J., (1991). “Characterization of void age and pressure signals from fluidized beds using deterministic chaos theory,” Proceed ings of the 11th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, pp. 777-786.
6
[7] Fan, L., Kang, Y., Neogi, D. and Yashima, M., (1993). “Fractal analysis of fluidized particle behavior in liquid-solid fluidized beds,” AIChE Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 513-517.
7
[8] Hay, J., Nelson, B., Briens, C. and Bergougnou, M., (1995). “The calculation of the characteristics of a chaotic attractor in a gas-solid fluidized bed.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 50, pp. 373-380.
8
[9] Bai, D., Bi, H. and Grace, J., (1997). “Chaotic behavior of fluidized beds based on pressure and voidage fluctuations.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 1357-1361.
9
[10] Bai, D., Shibuya, E., Nakagawa, N. and Kato, K., (1997). “Fractal characteristics of gas-solids flow in a circulating fluidized bed.” Powder Technology, Vol. 90, pp. 205-212.
10
[11] van Ommen, J.R., Coppens, M.O., van den Bleek, C. M. and Schouten, J. C., (2000). “Early warning of agglomeration in fluidized beds by attractor comparison.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 2183-2197.
11
[12] Diks, C., Van Zwet, W., Takens, F. and DeGoede, J., (1996). “Detecting differences between delay vector distributions.” Physical Review E, Vol. 53, p. 2169.
12
[13] Schouten, J.C. and van den Bleek, C.M., (1998). “Moni toring the quality of fluidization using the short-term predictability of pressure fluctuations.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 44, p. 48-60.
13
[14] Zarghami, R., Mostoufi, N. and Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R., (2008). “Nonlinear characterization of pressure fluctuations in fluidized beds.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 47, pp. 9497-9507.
14
[15] Eckmann, J.P., Kamphorst, S.O. and Ruelle, D., (1987). “Recurrence plots of dynamical systems.” Eu rophysics Letters, Vol. 4, pp. 973-977.
15
[16] Babaei, B., Zarghami, R., Sedighikamal, H., Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. and Mostoufi, N., (2012). “Investigat ing the hydrodynamics of gas–solid bubbling fluidization using recurrence plot.” Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 380-386.
16
[17] Babaei, B., Zarghami, R. and Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R., (2013). “Monitoring of fluidized beds hydrody namics using recurrence quantification analysis.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 399-406.
17
[18] Sedighikamal, H. and Zarghami, R., (2013). “Dynamic characteristics of bubbling fluidization through recurrence rate analysis of pressure fluctuations.” Particuology, Vol. 11, pp. 282-287.
18
[19] Tahmasebpour, M., Zarghami, R., Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. and Mostoufi, N., (2013). “Characterization of various structures in gas-solid fluidized beds by recurrence quantification analysis.” Particuology, Vol. 11, pp. 647-656.
19
[20] Marwan, N. and Kurths, J., (2002). “Nonlinear analysis of bivariate data with cross recurrence plots.” Physics Letters A, Vol. 302, pp. 299-307.
20
[21] March, T., Chapman, S. and Dendy, R., (2005). “Recur rence plot Statistics and the effect of embed ding.” Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 200, pp. 171-184.
21
[22] Thiel, M., Romano, M.C. and Kurths, J., (2004). “How much information is contained in a recur rence plot?.” Physics Letters A, Vol. 330, pp. 343-349.
22
[23] Johnsson, F., Zijerveld, R., Schouten, J., van den Bleek, C. and Leckner, B., (2000). “Characterization of flu idization regimes by time-series analysis of pressure fluctuations,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 26, pp. 663-715.
23
[24] vander Stappen, M.L.M., (1996). Chaotic hydrody namics of fluidized beds. Ph.d Thesis, Delft University of Technology.
24
[25] Wen, C. and Yu, Y., (1966). “A Generalized method for predicting the minimum fluidization velocity.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 610-612.
25
[26] Schinkel, S., Dimigen, O. and Marwan, N., (2008). “Selection of recurrence threshold for signal detection.” The European Physical Journal Special Topics, Vol. 164, pp. 45-53.
26
[27] Babaei, B., Zarghami, R., Sedighikamal, H., Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. and Mostoufi, N., (2014). “Selec tion of minimal length of line in recurrence quantification analysis.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol. 395, pp. 112-120.
27
[28] Webber Jr, C.L. and Zbilut, J.P., (2005). “Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems.” Tutorials in Contemporary Nonlinear Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, pp. 26-94.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of “Sink & Source” and “Stream wise” Methods for Exergy Analysis of Two MED Desalination Systems
Utilization of fossil fuel for supplying of requires energy of desalination systems is common. On the other hand, solar energy is one of the high-grade energies in the world that can be found specifically in hot weather places. Therefore, utilization of solar energy for operation of desalination systems will reduce greenhouse gases and is a good alternative way. Common exergy analysis method (stream wise) uses input and output exergy of streams to calculate the efficiency and exergy loss. Another exergy analysis method, named “Sink & Source”, is illustrated in the present study. The Stream wise method usually computes efficiency of systems as higher than a reliable value. For example, the computed exergy efficiency of presented high capacity MED desalination system is 88.63%, while this value is estimated about 1.04% from the new method. The uselessness of the traditional method for analyzing presented low-capacity MED desalination system is also shown. For example, the computed exergy efficiency of a low-capacity desalination system was 97.51%, while a value of 42.57% was obtained from the new method. A solar field and a solar heating system are suggested for presented high capacity and low capacity MED, respectively. Furthermore, an economic analysis of afore said desalination system is presented.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_60506_e4a8e57ca516bc1315cf56fd46dd5eee.pdf
2017-02-01
61
72
10.22059/jchpe.2017.60506
Exergy analysis method
Solar energy
MED desalination system
Stream wise
Sink & source
Hossein
Ahamdi Danesh-Ashtiani
1
Islamic Azad University of South Tehran Branch.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Abdollah-Zargar
engzargar@yahoo.com
2
Islamic Azad University of South Tehran Branch.
AUTHOR
[1] Nematollahi, F., Rahimi, A., Tavakoli Gheinani, T. (2013). “Experimental and theoretical energy and exergy analysis for a solar desalination system.” Desalination, Vol. 317, pp. 23-31.
1
[2] Yang, L., Shen, T., Zhang, B. Shengqiang, S., Zhang, K. (2013). “Exergy analysis of a solar-assisted MED desalination experimental unit.” Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 51, No. 4-6.
2
[3] Li, C., Goswami, Y., Stefanakos, E. (2013). “Solar assisted sea water desalination: A review”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 19, pp. 136-163.
3
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