ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of Concentrations in Chemical Systems at Equilibrium Using Geometric Programming
Geometric programming is a mathematical technique, which has been developed for nonlinear optimization problems. This technique is based on the dual program with linear constraints. Determination of species concentrations in chemical equilibrium conditions is one of its applications in chemistry and chemical engineering fields. In this paper, the principles of geometric programming and its computational method are presented. Also, for a chemical equilibrium, as an example, the concentrations of species for the ammonia synthesis reaction are determined. The obtained results are compatible with the experimental data available in the literature. This leads to the application of the geometric programming to estimate the concentrations in the equilibrium conditions for reactions where the experimental data are not available.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62159_b6f5524ac3a1b6fa426fc5342966831b.pdf
2017-06-01
1
7
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62159
Chemical equilibrium
Gibbs free Energy
Mathematical Modeling
Optimization
Saeedeh
Ketabi
sketabi@ase.ui.ac.ir
1
Department of Management, University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fakhri
Seyedeyn
fsazad@eng.ui.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
Hooman
Rashidi
hoomanrashidy@semirom.pnu.ac.ir
3
Payam Noor University, Semirom
AUTHOR
[1] Zener, C., 1961. A mathematical aid in optimizing engineering designs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 47(4), pp.537-539.
1
[2] Paoluzzi, A. (2003). ”Geometric Programming for Computer-Aided Design. ” John Wiley & Sons
2
[3] Levary, R.R. (1988). “ Engineering Design .” North-Holland Publishing Co
3
[4] Smith, J.M., Van Ness, H.C., Abbott, M.M. (1996). " Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics ." McGraw- Hill, New York
4
[5] White, W.B., Seider, W.D. (1981). “Computation of phase and chemical equilibrium, part 4: Approach to chemical equilibrium.” AIChE, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 466-471
5
[6] Akbari, F.Zare Aliabadi, H., Torabi Angaji, M. (2008). "Thermodynamic modeling of the reactor High temperature shift converter using minimization of Gibbs free energy." Twelfth Iranian Congress on Chemical Engineering http://www.echemica.com/Printable -TE114.html
6
[7] Dimian, A. C., Bildea, C. S. (2008). " Chemical Process Design ." Wiley -VCA, Weinheim
7
[8] Bonilla -Petriciolet, A., Segovia - Hernández, J.G. (2010). "A Comparative Study of Particle Swarm Optimization and Its Variants for Phase Stability and Equilibrium Calculations in Multicomponent Reactive and Non-Reactive Systems."Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 289, pp. 110–121.
8
[9] Schittkowski, K. (1985). " Computational Mathematical Programming." Springer-Verlag.
9
[10] Passy, U., Wilde, D.J.(1967). “A Geometric programming algorithm for solving chemical equilibrium problems.” SIAM Review,Vol. 11, pp. 8.
10
[11] Duffin, R. J., Peterson, E.L., Zener, C. (1967). “Geometric Programming-Theory and Application.” John Wiley & Sons.
11
[12] Alejandre, J.L., Allueva, A.I. , Gonzalez , J.M. (1967). “ A new algorithm for geometric programming based on the linear structure of its dual problem.” Mathematical and Computer Modeling, Vol. 31, pp. 61-78.
12
[13] Wall, T .W, Greening, D., Woolsey, R.E.D. (1986) “Solving complex chemical using a geometric programming based technique.” Operations Research , Vol. 34, No. 3 , pp. 345- 355.
13
[14] Parker, S.P. (1983). "Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia Chemistry." Mc Graw Hill.
14
[15] Chiang, M. (2005). "Geometric Programming for Communication Systems." Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory , Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1- 156.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Conversion and Residence Time Calculation for Gas-solid Solid Reactions of the Cylindrical-shaped Particles with Con-stant Size Using the Shrinking Core Model
In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to calculate the conversion and the residence time reaction for plug flow and mixed flow in the reactors filled with cylin-drical particles using the shrinking core model. In this modeling, the size of the particles is un-chamged during the reaction. Also, the reaction rate is controlled by the gas layer resistance, the ash layer resistance, and the reaction resistance as well as the combination of them. In addition, it is assumed that the gas diffuses radially from the side, whereas the effect of diffusion in the axial direction is neglected. Equations are solved by numerical methods. It can be said that the innovation of this paper is the study of the effect of combination of resistances on the conversion of the reaction. Model evaluation shows that the results of modeling have a good consistency with the experimental data. The results show that at a certain time, when the rate of reaction is controlled by each of the resistances individually, the conversion rate is greater when the reaction is controlled by the ash layer resistance than when it is controlled by the other two resistance regimes. Finally, the effect of the combination of different controlling regimes on the conversion and residence time of reaction for plug flow and mixed flow of particles is studied and it is found that the overall results are similar to each other.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62160_cadca8ba86b32b4ce0a5abbbf3aa6734.pdf
2017-06-01
9
19
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62160
Gas-solid reactions
Shrinking Core Model
Cylindrical particle
Conversion
Residence Time
Combination of resistances
Mohammad Reza
Talaghat
talaghat@sutech.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Oil and Gas, Shiraz University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ehsan
Zangooei
h.zangooei@sutech.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Oil and Gas, Shiraz University of Technology
AUTHOR
[1] Levenspiel, O. (1999). "Chemical Reaction Engineering." Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
1
[2] Gbor, P. K., Jia, C. Q. (2004). "Critical evaluation of coupling particle size distribution with the shrinking core model." Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 59, pp. 1979-1987.
2
[3] Noorman, S., Gallucci, F., Annaland, V.S.M., Kuipers, J.A.M. (2011). "A theoretical investigation of CLC in packed beds. Part 1: Particle model." Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 167, pp. 297-307.
3
[4] Tsinontides, S. C., Jackson, R. (1993). "The mechanics of gas fluidized beds with an interval of stable fluidization.” Journal Fluid Mechanic , Vol. 255, pp. 231-214.
4
[5] Fan, L.S. (1989). "Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization Engineering." Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1989.
5
[6] Ebrahimi, A.A., Ebrahim, H.A., Jamshidi, E. (2008). "Solving partial differential equations of gas–solid reactions by orthogonal collocation." Computers and Chemical Engineering, Vol. 32, pp.1746–1759.
6
[7] Movagarnejad, K., Sohrabi, M., Kaghazchi, T., Vahabzadeh, F. (2000). ''A model for the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in heterogeneous solid-liquid systems.'' Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 4, pp. 197206.
7
[8] Yagi, S., Kunii, D. (1995). "Studies on combustion of carbon particles in flames and fluidized beds." The 5th Symposium on Combustion, New York, USA, pp. 231-236.
8
[9] Sleekly, J., Evans, J.W., Sohn, H.Y. (1976). "Gas-solid reactions." AcademicPress.
9
[10] Schmidt, L. D. (1998). "The Engineering of Chemical Reactions." New York: Oxford University Press.
10
[11] Abad, A., Adanez, J., Cuadrat, A., Garcia – Labiano, F., Gayan, P., de Diego, L.F. (2011). "Kinetics of redox reactions of ilmenite for chemical-looping combustion." Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 66, pp. 689 -702.
11
[12] Amiri, A., Ingram, G.D., Bekker, A.V., Livk, I., Maynard, N.E. (2013). "A multi-stage, multi-reaction shrinking core model for selfinhibiting gas-solid reactions." Adv. Powder Technol., Vol. 24, pp. 728 -736.
12
[13] Gbor, P. K., Jia, C.Q. (2004). "Critical evaluation of coupling particle size distribution with the shrinking core model." Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 59, pp. 1979 -1987.
13
[14] Kruggel -Emden, H., Rickelt, S., Stepanek, F. (2010). "Development and testing of an inter-connected multiphase CFD -model for chemical looping combustion." Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 65, pp. 4732-4745.
14
[15] Kruggel-Emden, H., Stepanek, F. (2011). "A study on the role of reaction modeling in Multiphase CFD- based simulations of Chemical Looping Combustion." Oil and Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 66, pp. 313-331.
15
[16] Parisi, D.R., Laborde, M.A. (2004). "Modeling of counter-current moving bed gas-solid reactor used in the direct reduction of iron ore." Chemical Engineering Journal , Vol. 104, pp. 35-43.
16
[17] Rodriguez F., Revenga J., Tijero J. (1996). ''Study of anthraquinone reaction with sodium sulfide. '' The Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal , Vol. 63, pp. 37-43.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
MWCNT@MIL-53 (Cr) Nanoporous Composite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Methane Storage Property
In this paper, porous metal−organic frameworks (MIL-53 [CrIII (OH).{O2C-C6H4-CO2}.{HO2C-C6H4-CO2H}x]) were hydrothermally synthesized and, then, a hybrid composite of these synthesized porous metal−organic frameworks (MOF) with acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET), and FT-IR analysis. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the structure of MWCNT@MIL-53-Cr nonoporous composite was not disturbed by incorporation of MWCNT in MIL-53-Cr. N2 adsorption – desorption analysis showed that the MIL-53-Cr and MWCNT@MIL-53-Cr nanoporous composite had BET surface areas of 1500m2.g-1 and 1347m2.g-1, respectively. These materials were developed as adsorbents for methane storage at room temperature. The analysis showed about 50% increase in methane storage capacity (from 7.1 to 10.8 mmol.g-1 at 298K and 35bar) for MWCNT@MIL-53-Cr composite. The increment in the CH4 adsorption capacity of MWCNT@MIL-53-Cr nanoporous composite is attributed to the increase in micropore volume of MIL-53-Cr by MWCNT incorporation.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62162_fa60c93cb8898700fb4c1c713368628b.pdf
2017-06-01
21
26
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62162
Metal organic framework
MIL-53-Cr
MWCNT
Acid-treated
CH4 storage
Mansoor
Anbia
anbia@iust.ac.ir
1
Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Farjam Street, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
sara
Sheykhi
sheykhisara@thebarcodedepot.co.uk
2
Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Farjam Street, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
AUTHOR
Roghaye
Dehghan
dehghan.roghaye@yahoo.com
3
Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Farjam Street, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Lozano-Castelló, D., Alcaniz-Monge, J., De la Casa-Lillo, M. A., Cazorla-Amorós, D. and Linares-Solano, A . (2002). “Advances in the study of methane storage in porous carbonaceous materials.” Fuel, Vol. 81, pp.1777-1803.
1
[2] Yulong, W., Fei, W., Guohua, L., Guoqing, N. and Mingde, Y. (2008). “Methane storage in multi-walled carbon nanotubes at the quantity of 80 g.” Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 43, pp.1431-1439.
2
[3] Celzard, A. and Fierro, V. (2005). “Preparing a Suitable Material Designed for Methane Storage: A Comprehensive Report.” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 19, pp. 573-583.
3
[4] ZareNezhad, B. (2009). “An investigation on the most important influencing parameters regarding the selection of the proper catalysts for Claus SRU converters.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 15, pp. 143-147.
4
[5] Menon, V.C. and Komarneni, S. (1998). “Porous Adsorbents for Vehicular Natural Gas Storage: A Review.” Journal of Porous Materials, Vol. 5, pp. 43-58.
5
[6] Dong, J., Wang, X., Xu, H., Zhao, Q. and Li, J. (2007). "Hydrogen storage in several microporous zeolites.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, pp. 4998-5004.
6
[7] Erdogan, F.O. and Kopac, T. (2007). “Dynamic analysis of sorption of hydrogen in activated carbon.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, pp. 3448-3456.
7
[8] Anbia, M. and Lashgari, M. (2009). “Synthesis of amino-modified ordered mesoporous silica as a new nano sorbent for the removal of chlorophenols from aqueous media.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 150, pp. 555-560.
8
[9] Anbia, M. and Moradi, S.E. (2009). “Removal of naphthalene from petrochemical wastewater streams using carbon nanoporous adsorbent.” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, pp. 5041-5047.
9
[10] Anbia, M. and Moradi, S.E. (2009). "Adsorption of naphthalene-derived compounds from water by chemically oxidized nanoporous carbon.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 148, pp. 452-458.
10
[11] Anbia, M. and Hoseini, V. (2012). “Enhancement of CO 2 adsorption on nanoporous chromium terephthalate (MIL-101) by amine modification.” Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, Vol. 21, pp. 339-343.
11
[12] Anbia, M., Hoseini, V. and Sheykhi, S. (2012). “Sorption of methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide on metal-organic framework, iron terephthalate (MOF-235).” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 18, pp. 1149-1152.
12
[13] Anbia, M., Mohammadi, N. and Mohammadi, K. (2010). “Fast and efficient mesoporous adsorbents for the separation of toxic compounds from aqueous media.” Journal of hazardous materials, Vol. 176, pp. 965-972.
13
[14] Zhou, W. (2010). “Methane storage in porous metal − organic frameworks: current records and future perspectives.” The Chemical Record, Vol. 10, pp. 200-204.
14
[15] Klontzas, E., Mavrandonakis, A., Tylianakis, E. and Froudakis, G. E . (2008). “Improving hydrogen storage capacity of MOF by functionalization of the organic linker with lithium atoms.” Nano letters, Vol. 8, pp. 1572-1576.
15
[16] Kesanli, B., Cui, Y., Smith, M. R., Bittner, E. W., Bockrath, B. C. and Lin, W . (2005). “Highly interpenetrated metal – organic frameworks for hydrogen storage.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 44, pp. 72-75.
16
[17] Zhou, W., Wu, H., Hartman, M. R. and Yildirim, T . (2007). “Hydrogen and methane adsorption in metal-organic frameworks: a high-pressure volumetric study.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C., Vol. 111, pp. 16131-16137.
17
18. Ma, S., Sun, D., Simmons, J. M., Collier, C. D., Yuan, D. and Zhou, H. C. (2008). “Metal-organic framework from an anthracene derivative containing nanoscopic cages exhibiting high methane uptake.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, pp. 1012-1016.
18
[19] Wang, X.-S., Ma, S., Rauch, K., Simmons, J. M., Yuan, D., Wang, X . and Zhou, H. C . (2008). “Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Double-Bond-Coupled Di-Isophthalate Linkers with High Hydrogen and Methane Uptakes.” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 20, pp. 3145-3152.
19
[20] Wu, H., Zhou, W. and Yildirim, T. (2009). “High-capacity methane storage in metal-organic frameworks M2 (dhtp): The important role of open metal sites.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, pp. 4995-5000.
20
[21] Lee, J.S., Jhung, S. H., Yoon, J. W., Hwang, Y. K. and Chang, J. S . (2009). “Adsorption of methane on porous metal carboxylates.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 15, pp. 674-676.
21
[22] Rowsell, J.L. and Yaghi, O.M. (2005). “Strategies for hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 44, pp. 4670-4679.
22
[23] Senkovska, I. and Kaskel, S. (2008). “High pressure methane adsorption in the metal-organic frameworks Cu 3 (btc) 2, Zn 2 (bdc) 2 dabco, and Cr 3 F (H 2 O) 2 O (bdc) 3.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 112, pp. 108-115.
23
[24] Serre, C., Millange, F., Thouvenot, C., Noguès, M., Marsolier, G., Louër, D. and Férey, G . (2002). “Very Large Breathing Effect in the First Nanoporous Chromium (III)-Based Solids: MIL-53 or CrIII (OH)⊙{O2C-C6H4-CO2}⊙{HO2C-C6H4-CO2H} x⊙ H2O y.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, pp. 13519-13526.
24
[25] Prestipino, C., Regli, L., Vitillo, J. G., Bonino, F., Damin, A., Lamberti, C. and Bordiga, S . (2006). “Local structure of framework Cu (II) in HKUST-1 metallorganic framework: spectroscopic characterization upon activation and interaction with adsorbates.” Chemistry of materials, Vol. 18, pp. 1337-1346.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CFD Simulation of Dry and Wet Pressure Drops and Flow Pattern in Catalytic Structured Packings
Type of packings and characteristics of their geometry can affect the flow behavior in the reactive distillation columns. KATAPAK SP is one the newest modular catalytic structured packings (MCSP) that has been used in the reactive distillation columns, recently. However, there is not any study on the hydrodynamics of this packing by using computational fluid dynamics. In the present work, a 3D VOF model was developed to evaluate dry and wet pressure drops of catalytic structured packings, MCSP-11 and 12. The module of MCSP is made of alternating vertical layers of structured packing sheets (Mellapak Plus) and catalyst bags. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the effect of geometry on the hydrodynamics and characterization of flow in the MCSP modules. Results showed that the mean relative errors for prediction of dry and wet pressure drops were 17% and 7% for MCSP-11 and 11% and 12% for MCSP-12, respectively. According to CFD results, pressure drop in closed channels was higher than that in open channels. The catalyst bags were simulated as porous media. The simulation led to determination of the liquid velocity distribution in the catalyst bags.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62163_75a6180f44cf9d8594e1b71cce8a32b0.pdf
2017-06-01
27
37
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62163
Reactive separation
Modular catalytic structured packing
Mellapak Plus
Multiphase model
hydrodynamic
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Maryam
Mazarei Sotoodeh
maryam.mazarei@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 98164-161, Iran
AUTHOR
Mortaza
Zivdar
mortaza@hamoon.usb.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 98164-161, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rahbar
Rahimi
rahimi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 98164-161, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (2000). “Review- modeling reactive distillation.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 55, pp. 5183-5229.
1
[2] Klöker, M., Kenig, E.Y. and Górak, A. (2003). “On the development of new column internals for reactive separations via integration of CFD and process simulation.” Catalysis Today, Vol. 79–80, pp. 479–48.
2
[3] Tuchlenski, A., Beckmann, A., Reusch, D., Dussel, R., Weidlich, U. and Janowsky, R. (2001). “Reactive distillation - industrial applications, process design & scale-up.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 56, pp. 387-394.
3
[4] Noeres, C., Kenig, E.Y. and Gorak, A. (2003). “Modelling of reactive separation process: re-active absorption and reactive distillation.” Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 42, pp. 157-178.
4
[5] Gonzalez, J.C. and Fair, J.R. (1997). “Preparation of Tertiary Amyl Alcohol in a Reactive Dis-tillationColumn. 1. Reaction Kinetics, Chemical Equilibrium and Mass-Transfer Issues.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 36, pp. 3833-3844.
5
[6] Gonzalez, J.C., Subawalla, H. and Fair, J.R. (1997). “Preparation of tert-Amyl Alcohol in a Reactive Distillation Column.2. Experimental Demonstration and Simulation of Column Characteristics.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 36, pp. 3845-3853.
6
[7] Van Baten, J.M., Ellenberger, J. and Krishna, R. (2001). “Radial and axial dispersion of the liquid phase within a KATAPAK-S structure: experiments vs. CFD simulation.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 56, pp. 813-821.
7
[8] Schmitt, M., Hasse, H., Althaus, K., Schoenmak-ers, H., Götze, L. and Moritz, P. (2004). “Synthesis of n-hexyl acetate by reactive distillation.” Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 43, pp. 397–409.
8
[9] Schmitt, M., Scala, C., Moritz, P. and Hasse, H. (2005). “n-Hexyl acetate pilot plant reactive distillation with modified internals.” Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 44, pp. 677–685.
9
[10] Schmitt, M., Harbou, E., Parada, S., Grossmann, Ch. and Hasse, H. (2009). “New Equipment for Laboratory Studies of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactive Distillation.” Chemical Engineering Technology, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1313–1317.
10
[11] Bhatia, S., Ahmad, A.L., Mohamed, A.R. and Chin, S.Y. (2006). “Production of isopropyl palmitate in a catalytic distillation column: Experimental studies.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 61, pp. 7436–7447.
11
[12] Brehelin, M., Forner, F., Rouzineau, D., Repke, J.U., Meyer, X., Meyer, M. and Wozny, G. (2007). “Production of n-propyl acetate by reactive distillation Experimental and Theoretical Study.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 85 (A1), pp. 109–117.
12
[13] Harbou, E., Schmitt, M., Parada, S., Grossmann, C. and Hasse, H. (2011). “Study of heterogeneously catalysed reactive distillation using the D+R tray- a novel type of laboratory equipment.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 89, pp. 1271-1280.
13
[14] Holtbruegge, J., Heile, S., Lutze, P. and Górak, A. (2013). “Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate and propylene glycol in a pilot-scale reactive distillation column: Experimental investigation, modeling and process analysis.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 234, pp. 448–463.
14
[15] Van Baten, J.M., Ellenberger, J. and Krishna, R. (2001). “Hydrodynamics of reactive distillation tray column with catalyst containing envelopes: experiments vs. CFD simulations.” Catalysis. Today, Vol. 66, pp. 233–240.
15
[16] Egorov, Y., Menter, F., Kloker, M. and Kenig, E.Y. (2005). “On the combination of CFD and rate-based modeling in the simulation of reactive separation processes.” Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 44, pp. 631–644.
16
[17] Zivdar, M., Rahimi, R., Nasr, M. and Haghshen-asfard, M. (2005). “CFD Simulations of pressure drop in KATAPAK-S Structured Packing.” Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2.
17
[18] Dai, C., Lei, Zh., Li, Q. and Chen, B. (2012). “Pressure drop and mass transfer study in structured catalytic packings.” Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 98, pp. 78–87.
18
[19] Liu, J., Yang, B., Lu, S. and Yi, C. (2013). “Multi-scale study of reactive distillation.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 225, pp. 280-291.
19
[20] Ding, H., Li, J., Xiang W. and Liu, C. (2015). “CFD simulation and optimization of Winpak-based modular catalytic structured packing.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 54, pp. 2391-2403.
20
[21] Gotze, L., Bailer, O., Moritz, P. and von Scala, C. (2001). “Reactive distillation with KATAPAK.” Catalysis. Today, Vol. 69, pp. 201-208.
21
[22] Ratheesh, S. and Kannan, A. (2004). “Hold up and pressure drop studies in structured pack-ings with catalysts.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 104, pp. 45-54.
22
[23] Behrens M. (2006). “Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer of Modular Catalytic Structured Packing.” Technische universiteit Delft, Ph.D. thesis.
23
[24] Brunazzi, E. and Viva, A. (2006). “Experimental investigation of reactive distillation packing KATAPAK-SP 11: hydrodynamic aspects and size effect.” IChemE Symposium, No. 152, Italy.
24
[25] Viva, A., Aferka, A., Toye, D., Marchot, P., Crine, M. and Brunazzi, E. (2011). “Determination of liquid hold-up and flow distribution inside modular catalytic structured packings.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 89, pp. 1414-1426.
25
[26] Fernandez, M. F., Barroso, B., Meyer, X., Meyer, M., Le Lann, M., Le Roux, G.C. and Brehelin, M. (2013). “Experiments and dynamic modeling of a reactive distillation column for the production of ethyl acetate by considering the heterogeneous catalyst pilot complexities.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 91, pp. 2309-2322.
26
[27] Rahimi, R., Mazarei Sotoodeh, M. and Bahram-ifar, E. (2012). “The effect of tray geometry on the sieve tray efficiency.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 76, pp. 90-98.
27
[28] Zarei, T., Rahimi, R. and Zivdar, M. (2009). “Computational fluid dynamic simulation of MVG tray hydraulics” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 26(5), pp.1213-1219.
28
[29] Hosseini, S.H., Rahimi, R., Zivdar, M. and Samimi, A. (2009). “CFD simulation of gas-solid bubbling fluidized bed containing FCC particles.” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 26(5), pp. 1405-1413.
29
[30] Hosseini, S.H., Shojaee S., Ahmadi, G. and Zi-vdar, M. (2012). “Computational fluid dynamics studies of dry and wet pressure drops in structured packings.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 18, pp. 1465-1473.
30
[31] Shojaee, S., Hosseini, S. H., Rafati, A. and Ah-madi, G. (2011). “Prediction of the effective area in structured packings by computational fluid dynamics.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 50, pp. 10833-10842.
31
[32] Zhang, X., Yao, L., Qiu, L. and Zhang, X. (2013). “Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics modeling of two-phase flow in a structured packing column.” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 21(9), pp. 959-966.
32
[33] Brackbill, J. U., Kothe, D. B. and Zemach, C. (1992). “A Continuum Method for Modeling Surface Tension.” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 100, pp. 335-354.
33
[34] Olujic, Z., Behrens, M. and Spiegel, L. (2007). “Experimental characterization and modeling of the performance of a large-specific-area high-capacity structured packing.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 46, pp. 883-893.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Viscosity Index Improver for Engine Oils: An Experimental Study
Engine oils are widely used for lubrication purposes in automobile and related industries. Viscosity Index (VI) improver has found its largest commercial applications as additives to engine oils. Examples are power steering fluid, aircraft piston engine oils, modern internal-combustion engines, turbine engine oils (stationary and aircraft), and industrial gear oils. Viscosity Index improvers are added in the lube oils to reach the desired Viscosity Index (VI). The enhancement of VI of lube oils (Servoneum 100, Servopress 68, Servomesh SP 220, and Servocut 335) by the addition of viscosity index improvers (Methylmethacrylate (MMA), Polybutadiene rubber (PBR), and Polyisoprene-cis) has been studied. VI of blended oils, made from the lube oils (Servoneum 100, Servopress 68, Servomesh SP 220, and Servocut 335) by the addition of MMA, PBR, and Polyisoprene-cis, has shown the potential to reach the maximum value. It has been found that the occurrence of maximum VI depends on the lube oil used and the type and concentration of viscosity index improver.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62164_54cdf6ae76dbdd863ae55fb5383293f1.pdf
2017-06-01
39
45
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62164
Lube oil
Methylmethacrylate
Polybutadiene rubber
Polyisoprene-cis
VI improvers
Viscosity index
Gaurav
Rattan
grattan@pu.ac.in
1
Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nitu
Parihar
nitu84.jalore@gmail.com
2
Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
AUTHOR
[1] Ramasamy, U.S., Lichter, S. and Martini, A. (2016). “Effect of Molecular-Scale Features on the Polymer Coil Size of Model Viscosity Index Improvers.” Tribol Lett, Vol. 62, pp. 23.
1
[2] Covitch, M.J. and Trickett, K.J. (2015). “How Polymers Behave as Viscosity Index Improvers in Lubricating Oils.” Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 5.
2
[3] Upadhyay, U. Dey, K. and Ghosh, P. (2014). “Multifunctional additives performance of liquid crystal blended dodecyl acrylate in lube oil.” Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 21, pp. 244-248.
3
[4] Ghosh, P. and Das, M. (2014). “Study of the influence of some polymeric additives as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants – Synthesis and characterization.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 119, pp. 79-84.
4
[5] Mohamad, S.A., Ahmed, N.S., Hassanein, S.M. and Rashad. A.M. (2012). “Investigation of polyacrylates copolymers as lube oil viscosity index improvers.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 100, pp. 173–177.
5
[6] Nassar, A.M. and Ahmed, N.S. (2010). “Study the Influence of Some Polymeric Additives as Viscosity Index Improvers, Pour Point Depressants and Dispersants for Lube Oil.” Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 28.
6
[7] Mohammed, A.H.A.K. and Shehab, A. K.-Rubai. (2008). “Viscosity Index Improvement of Lubricating Oil Fraction (SAE – 30).” Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 9, pp. 51-57.
7
[8] Fan, J., Muller, M., Stohr, T. and Spikes, H.A. (2007). “Reduction of Friction by Functionalized Viscosity Index Improvers.” Springer, Vol. 28.
8
[9] Tanveer, S. and Prasad, R. (2006). “Enhancement of viscosity index of mineral base oils.” Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 13, pp. 398-403.
9
[10] Nassar, A.M., Ahmed, N.S., Kamal, R.S., Abdel Azim, A.A.A. and Nagdy, E.I. (2005). “Preparation and Evaluation of Acrylate Polymers as Viscosity Index Improvers for Lube Oil.” Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 537-546.
10
[11] Ghosh, P., Pantar, A.V., Rao, U.S. and Sarma, A.S. (1998). “Shear stability of polymers used as viscosity modifiers in lubricating oils.” Indi-an Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 309-314.
11
[12] IS: l448 (P: 56) 1980 (Indian Standards on Viscosity Index Calculation).
12
[13] IS: l448 (P: 25) 1976 (Indian Standards on kinematic viscosity by Redwood Viscometer).
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Crude Oil Desalting by Using Nanocarbon
In the process of crude oil desalination, the aim is to separate dispersed phase of brine from oil phase. The project aim is the use of carbon nano-adsorbent for remov-al of salt from crude oil that, unlike other methods of salt separation from crude oil currently used, is a simple, inexpensive method with good ability to remove salt from crude oil. In this study, first, four types of carbon adsorbent were used for removal of salt from crude oil using dispersion in solution method. Then, the adsorbents that had the best absorption were identified. In continuation, two nano-adsorbents were selected from nano-adsorbents and their effect on the absorption of salt from crude oil was investigated using filtration method. Finally, a survey was carried out on regeneration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes that had the ability to absorb more than 50% of salt from crude oil, which were then selected as the best nano-adsorbents.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62165_4ac82447805e4dbbcf7a0840271c3e23.pdf
2017-06-01
47
53
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62165
Crude Oil
Desalting
Nanocarbon
Regeneration
Adsorbent
Hossain
Keshavarz
keshavarz.hossein@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Nadia
Esfandiari
esfandiari_n@miau.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Abdel-Aal, H.K., Aggour, M. and Fahim, M.A. (2003). Petroleum and Gas Field Processing. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
1
[2] Gary, J.H., Handwerk, G.E. and Kaiser, M.J. (2001). Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics. 4th Ed.Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
2
[3] Sams, G.W. and Warren, K.W. (2004). “New Methods of Application of Electrostatic Fields.” AIChE Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.
3
[4] Stasiuk, E.N. and Schramm, L.L. (2001). “The influence of solvent and demulsifier additions on nascent froth formation during flotation recovery of Bitumen from Athabasca oil sands.” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 73, pp. 95-110.
4
[5] Tsouris, C., Shin, W.T. and Yiacoumi, S. (1998). “Pumping, spraying, and mixing of fluids by electric fields.” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 76, pp. 589–599.
5
[6] Parker, S.P. (1983). Encyclopedia of Chemistry. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill.
6
[7] Binks, B.P. and Whitby, C.P. (2003). “Temperature-dependent stability of water-in-undecanol emulsions.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 224, pp. 241-249.
7
[8] Miksis, M.J. (1981). “Shape of a drop in an electric field.” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 24, pp. 1967-1972.
8
[9] Feng, J.Q. and Scott, T.C. (1996). “A computational analysis of electrohydrodynamics of a leaky dielectric drop in an electric field.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics., Vol. 311, pp. 289-326.
9
[10] Yuan, Y., Han, M., Wang, D. and Jin, Y. (2004). “Liquid phase residence time distribution for a two-phase countercurrent flow in a packed column with a novel internal.” Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 43, pp. 1469-1474.
10
[11] Nikkhah, M., Tohidian, T., Rahimpour, M.R. and Jahanmiri, A. (2015). “Efficient demulsification of water-in-oil emulsion by a novel nano-titania modified chemical demulsifier.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 94, pp. 164-172.
11
[12] Harris, P.J.F. (1999). Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures: New Materials for the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge University Press.
12
[13] Popov, V.N. (2004). “Carbon nanotubes: properties and application.” Materials Science and Engineering R, Vol. 43, pp. 61-102.
13
[14] Karwa, M., Iqbal, Z. and Mitra, S. (2006). “Scaled-up self-assembly of carbon nanotubes inside long stainless tubing.” Carbon, Vol. 44, pp. 1235-1242.
14
[15] Chung, J., Lee, K.H., Lee, J. and Ruoff, R.S. (2004). “Toward Large-Scale Integration of Carbon Nanotubes.” Langmuir, Vol. 20, pp. 3011-3017.
15
[16] Dyke, C.A., Stewart, M.P. and Tour, J.M. (2005). “Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nano-tubes on Silica Gel. Materials Morphology and Raman Excitation Wavelength Affect Data Interpretation.” Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, pp. 4497-4509.
16
[17] Vazquez, E. and Prato, M. (2009) “Carbon Nanotubes and Microwaves: Interactions, Responses, and Applications.” American Chemical Society Nano, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 3819-3824.
17
[18] Kalfa, O.M., Yalcinkaya, O. and Turker, A.R. (2012). “MWCNT/nano-ZrO2 as a new solid phase extractor: its synthesis, characterization, and application to atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead.” Turkish Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 36. pp. 885-898.
18
[19] Sad, C.M.S., Santana, I.L., Morigaki, M.K., Medeiros, E.F., Castro, E.V.R., Santos, M.F.P. and Figueiras, P.R. (2015). “New methodology for heavy oil desalination.” Fuel, Vol. 150, pp. 705-710.
19
[20] Kim, S.F., Usheva, N.V., Moyzes, O.E., Kuzmen-ko, E.A., Samborskaya, M.A. and Novoseltseva, E. A. (2014). “Modeling of dewatering and desalting processes for large-capacity oil treatment technology.” Procedia Chemistry, Vol. 10, pp. 448-453.
20
[21] Check, G.R. and Mowla, D. (2013). “Theoretical and experimental investigation of desalting and dehydration of crude oil by assistance of ultrasonic irradiation.” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Vol. 20, pp. 378-385.
21
[22] Mahdi, K., Gheshlaghi, R., Zahedi, G. and Lohi, A. (2008). “Characterization and modeling of a crude oil desalting plant by a statistically designed approach.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 61, pp. 116-123.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Frac-turing Process for an Iranian Gas Field in the Persian Gulf
Most of the Iranian oil and gas wells in the Persian Gulf region are producing through their natural productivity and, in the near future, the use of stimulation methods will be undoubtedly necessary. Hydraulic fracturing as a popular technique can be a stimulation candidate. Due to the absence of adequate research in this field, numerical simulation can be an appropriate method to investigate the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. In the current study, the hydraulic fracturing process is simulated for a wellbore in the Persian Gulf region with Abaqus software. The main parameters that are necessary for the simulation are collected through wellbore logs and core tests. Fracturing process is studied with more emphasis on the pressure of fracturing fluid and fracture opening. Finally, several 3D fluid-solid coupling finite element models are generated and the main obtained results are compared.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62166_9994b33a654a68747b290082ab2bc7b5.pdf
2017-06-01
55
67
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62166
Hydraulic fracturing
Finite Element Method
Persian Gulf
ABAQUS
3D fluid-solid model
Mehran
Kalhori
mehrankalhori@gmail.com
1
Mining Engineering Group, University of Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Rafiee
ali_rafiee@znu.ac.ir
2
Mining Engineering Group, University of Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hasan
Eshraghi
heshraghi@pogc.ir
3
Pars Oil and Gas Company
AUTHOR
[1] Bohloli, B., and Pater, C.J. (2006). “Experimental study on hydraulic fracturing of soft rocks: Influence of fluid rheology and confining stress.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 53, pp.1-12.
1
[2] Jaeger, J., Cook, N., Zimmerman, R. (2007). Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics. 4th Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2
[3] Grebe, J. and Stoesser, M. (1935). “Increasing crude production 20,000,000 bbl.” World Petroleum J, pp. 473–82.
3
[4] Valkó, P., and Economides, M. (1995). Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics. Wiley.
4
[5] Adachi, J., Siebrits, E., Peirce, A., Desroches, J. (2007). “Computer simulation of hydraulic fractures.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Vol. 44, pp. 739–757.
5
[6] Lee, B., Soleimani, A., Dyer, S. (2009). “Optimization of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures for Open Hole Horizontal Wells by Numerical Modeling-Saudi Arabia case study.” SPE-124406-MS.
6
[7] Rahim, Z., AL-Kanaan, A., Johnston, B. (2011). “Success Criteria for Multistage Fracturing of Tight Gas in Saudi Arabia.” SPE-149064-MS.
7
[8] Alzarouni, A., and Ghedan, S. (2012). “Paving the road for the first Hydraulic Fracturing in Tight Gas Reservoirs in Offshore Abu Dhabi.” SPE-152713-MS.
8
[9] Alexyenko, A., Bartko, K., Adebiyi, I., Faraj, O. (2013). “Reduced Polymer Loading, High Temperature Fracturing Fluids using Nano-crosslinkers.” SPE-177469-MS.
9
[10] Bartko, K., Salim, A., Saldungaray, P., Kalinin, D., Han, X., Saldungaray, P. (2013). “Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Evaluation Using Proppant Detection: Experiences in Saudi Arabia.” SPE-168094-MS.
10
[11] Rahman, M., Suarez, Y., Chen, Z., Rahman, S. (2007). “Unsuccessful hydraulic fracturing cases in Australia: Investigation into causes of failures and their remedies.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 57, pp. 70-81.
11
[12] Bunger, A., Detournay, E., Garagash, D. (2005). “Toughness-dominated hydraulic fracture with leak-off.” International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 134 (2), pp. 175-190.
12
[13] Kundu, P., Kumar, V., Mishra, M. (2016). “Experimental and numerical investigation of fluid flow hydrodynamics in porous media: Characterization of Darcy and non-Darcy flow regimes.” Powder Technology, Vol. 303, pp. 278-291.
13
[14] Fjaer, E., Holt, R., Horsrud, P., Raaen, A., Risnes, R. (2008). Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics. 2th Ed., Elsevier.
14
[15] Harrison, E., Kieschnick, W., McGuire, W. (1954). “The mechanics of fracture induction and extension. Petroleum Trans.” AIME, pp. 252-263.
15
[16] Hubbert, M., Willis, D. (1957). “Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 9(6), pp. 153-168.
16
[17] Crittendon, B. (1959). “The mechanics of design and interpretation of hydraulic fracture treatments.” SPE-1106-G.
17
[18] Perkins, T.K. and Kern, L.R. (1961). “Widths of hydraulic fractures.” SPE 89, pp. 937-949.
18
[19] Sneddon, I. and Elliot, H.A. (1946). “The opening of a Griffith crack under internal pressure.” Q Appl Math, Vol. 4, pp. 262–7.
19
[20] Nordgren, R. (1972). “Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture.” SPE Journal, Vol. 12(8), pp. 306-314.
20
[21] Khristianovic, S.A. and Zheltov, Y.P. (1955). “Formation of vertical fractures by means of highly viscous liquid.” Proc. 4th world petroleum congress, Rome, pp. 579–86.
21
[22] Geertsma, J. and de Klerk, F.A. (1969). “Rapid method of predicting width and extent of hydraulically induced fractures.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 21, pp. 1571–81.
22
[23] Daneshy, A.A. (1973). “On the design of vertical hydraulic fractures.” SPE 3654.
23
[24] Spence, D.A. and Sharp, P. (1985). “Self-similar solutions for elastohydrodynamic cavity flow.” Proc R Soc London A, pp.289–313.
24
[25] Riahi, A., and Damjanac, B. (2013). “Numerical study of hydro-shearing in geothermal reservoirs with a pre-existing discrete fracture network.” Proceedings thirty-eighth workshop on geothermal reservoir engineering, California: Stanford University, pp. 1-13.
25
[26] Shimizu, H., Murata, S., Ishida, T. (2011). “The distinct element analysis for hydraulic fracturing in hard rock considering fluid viscosity and particle size distribution.” International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences, Vol. 48, pp. 712-727
26
[27] Huang, S., Liu, D., Yao, Y., Gan, Q., Cai, Y., Xu, L. (2017). “Natural fractures initiation and fracture type prediction in coal reservoir under different in-situ stresses during hydraulic fracturing.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2017.03.022.
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[28] Advani, S. H., Lee, T. S., Lee, J. K. (1990). “Dimensional modeling of hydraulic fractures in layered media.1. Finite-element formulations.” Journal of Energy Resources Technology-Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 112(1), pp. 1-9.
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[29] Valko, P., and Economides, M.J. (1994). “Propagation of hydraulically induced fractures- a continuum damage mechanics approach.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics, Vol. 31(3), pp. 221-229.
29
[30] Ouyang, S., Carey, G.F., Yew, C.H. (1997). “An adaptive finite element scheme for hydraulic fracturing with proppant transport.” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 24, pp. 645-670.
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[31] Papanastasiou, P. (1999). “An efficient algorithm for propagating fluid-driven fractures.” Computational Mechanics, Vol. 24, pp. 258-267.
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[32] Dong, C., Pater, C. (2001). “Numerical implementation of displacement discontinuity mothed and its application in hydraulic fracturing.” computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, Vol. 191, pp. 745-760.
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[33] Zhang, X., Detournay, E., Jeffrey, R. (2002). “Propagation of a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture parallel to the free surface of an elastic half-space.” International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 115, pp. 125-158.
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[34] Lecamplon, B., and Detournay, E. (2007). “An implicit algorithm for the propagation of a hydraulic fracture with a fluid lag.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 196, pp. 4863–4880.
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[35] Peirce, A., and Detournay, E. (2008). “An implicit level set method for modeling hydraulically driven fractures.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 197, pp. 2858–2885.
35
[36] Chen, Z., Bunger, A., Zhang, X., Jeffrey, R. (2009). “Cohesive zone finite element based modeling of hydraulic fractures.” Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, Vol. 22, pp. 443–452.
36
[37] Dean, R., and Schmidt, J. (2009). “Hydraulic fracture predictions with a fully coupled geo-mechanical reservoir simulator.” SPE Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 707-714.
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[38] Carrier, B., and Granet, S. (2012). “Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture problem in permeable medium using cohesive zone model.” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 79, pp. 312-328.
38
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[40] Barenblatt, G. (1962). “The mathematical theory of equilibrium of cracks in brittle fracture.” Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. 5, pp. 55-129.
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[41] Haghi, A., Kharrat, R., Asef, M., Rezazadegan, H. (2013). “Present-day stress of the central Persian Gulf: Implications for drilling and well performance.” Tectonophysics, Vol. 608, pp. 1429-1441.
41
[42] Esrafili-Dizaji, B., and Rahimpour-Bonab, H. (2009). “Effects of depositional and diagenetic characteristics on carbonate reservoir quality: a case study from the South Pars gas field in the Persian Gulf.” Petroleum Geoscience, Vol. 15, pp. 325–344.
42
[43] Ziegler, M. (2001). “Late Permian to Holocene Paleofacies Evolution of the Arabian Plate and its Hydrocarbon Occurrences.” GeoArabia, Vol. 6, pp. 455-504.
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[44] 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.world-stress-map.org/download/.
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[45] Zoback, M. (2007). Reservoir Geomechanics, Cambridge University Press, New York.
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[46] Kirsch, G. (1898). Die Theorie der Elastizitat und die Bedurfnisse der Festigkeitslehre. Zeitschrift des Verlines DeutscherIngenieure.
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[47] Zoback, M., Barton, C., Brudy, M., Castillo, D., Finkbeiner, T., Grollimund, B., Wiprut, D. (2003). “Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Vol. 40, pp. 1049–1076.
47
[48] Tixier, M.P., Loveless, G., Anderson, R. (1975). “Estimation of Formation Strength from the Mechanical-Properties log.” SPE 4532.
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[49] Sethi, D.K. (1981). “Well log application in rock mechanics.” SPE 9833.
49
[50] Yao, Y., Gosavi, S., Searles, H., Ellison, T. (2010). “Cohesive Fracture Mechanics Based Analysis to Model Ductile Rock Fracture.” AR-MA-10-140.
50
[51] Zhang, G., Liu, H., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Wang, X. (2010). “Three-dimensional finite element simulation and parametric study for horizontal well hydraulic fracture.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 72, pp. 310–317.
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52
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biodiesel: A Cost-effective Fuel Using Waste Materials
The main disadvantage of biodiesel is its high price. The price of biodiesel depends on various factors such as the price of oil, methanol, catalyst, and labor. Among dif-ferent economic factors, oil accounts for the largest share of input costs of biodiesel production. In this study, first, suitable heterogeneous catalysts were identified for biodiesel production. Several studies were carried out on biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts. All of these studies were designed to confirm that the pro-duction of biodiesel was cheaper than that of petroleum diesel. Waste materials as feedstock were used for this purpose. In transesterification reaction, waste cooking oil and waste materials were used as catalysts. Alkaline earth metal oxides catalysts are the best kind of heterogeneous catalysts. The catalytic reactivity of alkaline earth metal oxides including waste source of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, CaO/Al2O3, CaO/SiO2, BaO/SiO2, and MgO/SiO2 were evaluated by the transesterification of oil and methanol. In this study, the costs of produced biodiesel were compared for different sources. The results indicated that the cost of produced biodiesel using synthetic catalysts was 1.26 to 1.49 times that using natural catalysts (1.26 and 1.49 are related to waste cooking oil and refined oil, respectively). Consequently, using waste cooking oils and natural catalysts is recommended for biodiesel production. Also, n-hexane as co-solvent was used to increase the solubility of methanol in oil. In presence of n-hexane, the cost of biodiesel production was approximately reduced by 16%.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_62167_bd5da171c84e90a6d65215b791c62eab.pdf
2017-06-01
69
80
10.22059/jchpe.2017.62167
Basic heterogeneous catalysts
Biodiesel
Economy
Waste catalyst
Waste cooking oil
Majid
Mohadesi
m.mohadesi@kut.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Energy, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
gholamraza
moradi
moradi_m@yahoo.com
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Lee, S., Posarac, D. and Ellis, N. (2012). “An experimental investigation of biodiesel synthesis from waste canola oil using supercritical methanol.” Fuel, Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 229-237.
1
[2] Dias, J.M., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C., Almeida, M.F., Díaz, J.D.M., Polo, M.S. and Utrilla, J.R. (2012). “Selection of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from animal fat.” Fuel, Vol. 94, pp. 418-425.
2
[3] Roschat, W., Kacha, M., Yoosuk, B., Sudyoad-suk, T. and Promarak, V. (2012). “Biodiesel production based on heterogeneous process catalyzed by solid waste coral fragment.” Fuel, Vol. 98, pp. 194-202.
3
[4] Georgogianni, K.G., Katsoulidis, A.P., Pomonis, P.J., and Kontominas, M.G. (2009). “Transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts.” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 90, No. 5, pp. 671-676.
4
[5] Huber, G. W., Iborra, S. and Corma, A. (2006). “Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 106, No. 9, pp. 4044-4098.
5
[6] Lotero, E., Liu, Y., Lopez, D.E., Suwannakarn, K., Bruce, D. A. and Goodwin, J.G. (2005). “Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 44, No. 14, pp. 5353-5363.
6
[7] Marchetti, J.M., Miguel, V.U. and Errazu, A.F. (2007). “Possible methods for biodiesel production.” Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Vol. 11 No. 6, pp. 1300-1311.
7
[8] Semwal, S., Arora, A.K., Badoni, R.P. and Tuli, D.K. (2011). “Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts.” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 2151-2161.
8
[9] Zabeti, M., Daud, W.M.A.W. and Aroua, M.K. (2010). “Biodiesel production using alumina-supported calcium oxide: an optimization study.” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 243-248.
9
[10] Jacobson, K., Gopinath, R., Meher, L.C. and Da-lai, A.K. (2008). “Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 86-91.
10
[11] Pinto, A.C., Guarieiro, L.L., Rezende, M.J., Ri-beiro, N.M., Torres, E.A., Lopes, W.A. and An-drade, J.B.D. (2005). “Biodiesel: an overview.” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, Vol. 16, No. 6B, pp. 1313-1330.
11
[12] Uriarte, F.A. (2010). “Biofuels from plant oils.” ASEAN Foundation, Jakarta, Indonesia.
12
[13] Alba-Rubio, A.C., Castillo, M.A., Albuquerque, M.C.G., Mariscal, R., Cavalcante, C.L. and Gra-nados, M.L. (2012). “A new and efficient procedure for removing calcium soaps in bio-diesel obtained using CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst.” Fuel, Vol. 95, pp. 464-470.
13
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