Infrared Thermopile Temperature Measurement Technique in Microwave Heating Systems

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Process Engineering Advanced Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

2 Process Design and Simulation Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Temperature measurement in microwave systems is essential for thermally driven processes, namely, catalytic reactions and ceramic sintering. Although, the application of direct thermometry methods, namely, thermocouples, have been commonly articulated in the available literature, however, contacted temperature measurement mechanisms have aroused concerns associated with the disruption of the electromagnetic field and local distortion of the field pattern leading to unprecedented measurement uncertainties. Consequently, the application of optical measurement methods has been advocated to diminish the associated concerns. However, due to the economical constrains and measurement range restrictions, the application of optical measurement systems, namely, pyrometers and optical fibers, has been deferred. In this study, an infrared thermopile, a precise and feasible temperature measurement system has been developed and calibrated to perform in microwave irradiation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the developed temperature system has been compared with the thermometry technique. It was concluded that thermopile stipulates unrivalled precision, succeeding a profound calibration procedure. It was further demonstrated that the thermopile is capable of the temperature measurement of the dielectric surfaces, exclusively, while the grounded thermocouple monitored the bulk temperature, a proportion of the gas phase and the solid phase temperature values. Consequently, the application of a thermopile coupled with a thermometry measurement method has been proposed to monitor the temperature of the dielectric catalyst active sites in gas-solid catalytic microwave-heated reactions.

Keywords

References

[1] Doucet, J., Laviolette, J. P., Farag, S. and Chaouki, J. (2014). “Distributed microwave pyrolysis of domestic waste.” Waste and Biomass Valorization, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
[2] Farag, S., Sobhy, A., Akyel, C., Doucet, J. and Chaouki, J. (2012). “Temperature profile prediction within selected materials heated by microwaves at 2.45 GHz.” Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 36, pp. 360-369.
[3] Sobhy, A. and Chaouki, J. (2010). “Microwave-assisted biorefinery.” Chemical Engineering Transactions. Vol. 19, pp. 25-30.
[4] Farag, S. and Chaouki, J. (2015). “A modified microwave thermo-gravimetric-analyzer for kinetic purposes.” Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 75, pp. 65-72.
[5] Farag, S., Fu, D., Jessop, P. G. and Chaouki, J. (2014). “Detailed compositional analysis and structural investigation of a bio-oil from microwave pyrolysis of kraft lignin.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 109, pp. 249-257.
[6] Farag, S., Kouisni, L. and Chaouki, J. (2014). “Lumped approach in kinetic modeling of microwave pyrolysis of kraft lignin.” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 1406-1417.
[7] Hamzehlouia, S., Jaffer, S. A. and Chaouki, J. (2018). “Microwave Heating-Assisted Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane to Syngas. Scientific reports.” Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 8940-8947.
[8] Hamzehlouia, S., Shabanian, J. and Latifi, M. and Chaouki, J. (2018). “Effect of microwave heating on the performance of catalytic oxidation of n-butane in a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 192, pp. 1177-1188.
[9] Katz, J. D. (1992). “Microwave sintering of ceramics. Annual Review of Materials Science.” Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 153-170.
[10] Roy, R., Agrawal, D., Cheng, J. and Gedevanishvili, S. (1999). “Full sintering of pow-dered-metal bodies in a microwave field.” Nature, Vol. 399, No. 6737, pp. 668.
[11] Levenspiel, O. (1999). “Chemical reaction engineering.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 38, No, 11, pp. 4140-4143.
[12] Wang, J., Binner, J., Vaidhyanathan, B., Joomun, N., Kilner, J., Dimitrakis, G. and Cross, T. E. (2006). “Evidence for the microwave effect during hybrid sintering.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, No. 6, pp. 1977-1984.
[13] Clark, D. E., Folz, D. C. and West, J. K. (2000). “Processing materials with microwave energy.” Materials Science and Engineering: A. Vol. 287, No. 2, pp. 153-158.
[14] Janney, M. A., Kimrey, H. D. and Kiggans, J. O. (1992). “Microwave processing of ceramics: Guidelines used at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.” MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive, Vol. 269.
[15] Janney, M. A., Kimery, H. D., Allen, W. R. and Kiggans, J. O. (1997). “Enhanced diffusion in sapphire during microwave heating.” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1347-1355.
[16] Pert, E., Carmel, Y., Birnboim, A., Olorun-yolemi, T., Gershon, D., Calame, J., Lloyd, I. K. and Wilson, O. C. (2001). “Temperature measurements during microwave processing: the significance of thermocouple effects.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 84, No. 9, pp. 1981-1986.
[17] Dunscombe, P. B., McLellan, J., and Malaker, K. (1986). “Heat production in microwave‐irradiated thermocouples.” Medical Physics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 457-461.
[18] Olmstead, W. E., and Brodwin, M. E. (1997). “A model for thermocouple sensitivity during microwave heating.”International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 1559-1565.
[19] Jackson, J. D. (2012). Classical electrodynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
[20] Ramo, S., Whinnery, J. R., and Van Duzer, T. (2008). Fields and waves in communication electronics. John Wiley & Sons.
[21] Meek, T. T., Park, S. S., Nehls, M. A. and Kim, C. W. (1989). “Temperature Measurement for Microwave Processing of Advanced Ceramics.” MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive, Vol. 155. pp. 267-274.
[22] Kappe, C. O. (2013). “How to measure reaction temperature in microwave-heated transformations.” Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 4977-4990.
[23] Cuccurullo, G., Berardi, P. G., Carfagna, R. and Pierro, V. (2002). “IR temperature measurements in microwave heating.” Infrared Physics & Technology, Vol. 43, No. 3-5, pp. 145-150.
[24] Matthew Gerbo, N., Boldor, D. and Mirela Sa-bliov, C. (2007). “Design of a measurement system for temperature distribution in continuous-flow microwave heating of pumpable fluids using infrared imaging and fiber optic technology.” Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 55-65.
[25] Svet, D. (1979). “The problems of radiation pyrometry and some new possibilities of their solution.” Acta IMEKO, Vol. 1979, pp. 55-61.
[26] Nouaoura, M., Lassabatere, L., Bertru, N., Bonnet, J. and Ismail, A. (1995). “Problems relevant to the use of optical pyrometers for substrate temperature measurements and controls in molecular beam epitaxy.” Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 83-87.
[27] Schieferdecker, J., Quad, R., Holzenkämpfer, E. and Schulze, M. (1995). “Infrared thermopile sensors with high sensitivity and very low temperature coefficient.” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 47, No. 1-3, pp. 422-427.
[28] Dehe, A., Fricke, K. and Hartnagel, H. L. (1995). “Infrared thermopile sensor based on AlGaAs—GasAs micromachining.” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 47, No. 1-3, pp. 432-436.
[29] Graf, A., Arndt, M., Sauer, M. and Gerlach, G. (2007). “Review of micromachined thermopiles for infrared detection.” Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 59-75.
[30] Hamzehlouia, S. (2017). Development of Microwave Heating-Assisted Catalytic Reaction Process: Application for Dry Reforming of Methane Optimization (Doctoral dissertation, École Poly-technique de Montréal). Montreal, Canada.
[31] Ma, J., Fang, M., Li, P., Zhu, B., Lu, X. and Lau, N. T. (1997). “Microwave-assisted catalytic combustion of diesel soot.” Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 159, No. 1-2, pp. 211-228.
[32] Vos, B., Mosman, J., Zhang, Y., Poels, E. and Bliek, A. (2003). “Impregnated carbon as a susceptor material for low loss oxides in dielectric heating.” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 173-182.
[33] Uhlig, H. H. and Keyes, F. G. (1933). “The dependence of the dielectric constants of gases on temperature and density.” The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 155-159.
[34] Wong, W. L. E. and Gupta, M. (2007). “Development of Mg/Cu nanocomposites using microwave assisted rapid sintering.” Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 67, No. 7-8, pp. 1541-1552.
[35] Leclerc, P., Doucet, J., and Chaouki, J. (2018). “Development of a microwave thermogravimetric analyzer and its application on polystyrene microwave pyrolysis kinetics.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 130, 209-215.
[36] Kim, S. W., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, S. D. and Lee, D. H. (2003). “Heat transfer and bubble characteristics in a fluidized bed with immersed horizontal tube bundle.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 399-409.
Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Volume 52, Issue 2
December 2018
Pages 201-210

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 23 November 2018
  • Revise Date: 09 December 2018
  • Accept Date: 09 December 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics