Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Autoformer and Transformer-Based Neural Networks for State Estimation of Third-Order Liquid Level Dynamics in Chemical Processes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
1 Department of Information Systems, College of Management, Economy and Information systems, University of Nizwa, PC 616, POB 33, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
2 1- Department of Information Systems, College of Management, Economy and Information systems, University of Nizwa, PC 616, POB 33, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman. 2- University of Nizwa, AI Applications Chair, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
3 University of Nizwa
10.22059/jchpe.2026.415207.1735
Abstract
One of the important variables in chemical process industries is the liquid level. The challenges of estimating the third-order liquid level system are: the system exhibits non-linear behavior, the system has coupled states where changes in one tank directly affect others, uncertainty where there are unknown disturbances, and prediction complexity. Yet, with advances in artificial intelligence (AI), modeling and estimating the liquid third-order levels has become a reality. The present work attempts to construct an accurate AI model to estimate the levels of third-order liquid level tanks utilizing the available inlet liquid flow rate and the bottom level. In order to estimate the dynamic level responses as a function of time for three liquid level tanks connected in series, this article presents the training of several types of artificial neural networks (ANNs): basic ANNs with different settings, autoformer, transformer regression, and attentive interpretable tabular learning (TabNet). These ANNs are trained to estimate the two unmeasured top and middle levels using the simulated response data of the bottom tank's level (measured level) for different step changes in the inlet water feed flow rate ranges from 0.1 to 3 liters/min. The findings, using the coefficient of determination (R^2), demonstrated that autoformer produces the best closed-fit responses; R^2 = 99.77% for the top-level estimation and R^2 = 99.86% for the middle-level estimation. Advanced AI techniques act as highly computationally efficient surrogate models for conventional complex models based on nonlinear conservation without the need for heavy computing power for process control and optimization.
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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 25 October 2026

  • Receive Date 17 June 2026
  • Revise Date 22 October 2026
  • Accept Date 23 September 2026